Log in

Hydrothermal Sealing of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings Developed on AZ31 Alloy

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work, a PEO coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy was post-treated in three different solutions containing NaF, Na2CO3 and NaAlO2, with the aim of sealing the anodic film and consequently increasing the corrosion resistance of the material. The morphology and chemical composition of the resulting coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Samples were tested in a salt spray chamber, and corrosion rate was evaluated by the hydrogen evolution technique. It was found that a pore sealing treatment of 90 minutes in the solution containing a mixture of NaF and NaAlO2 resulted in an increase in the corrosion resistance of the PEO coating.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M.E.E. Alam, S. Han, A.S. Hamouda, Q.B. Nguyen and M. Gupta, Development and Characterization of New AZ41 and AZ51 Magnesium Alloys, Magnesium Technology 2011. W. Sillekens, S. Agnew, N. Neelameggham, S. Mathaudhu Ed., Springer, Cham, 2011, p 553–558

    Google Scholar 

  2. K. Cho, T. Sano, K. Doherty, C. Yen, G. Gazonas, J. Montgomery, P. Moy, M. Davis, and R. DeLorme, Magnesium technology and manufacturing for Ultra lightweight armored ground vehicles. Proceedings of the 2008 Army Science Conference, Army Research Laboratory, 2009 http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA499411.

  3. M. Esmaily, J.E. Svensson, S. Fajardo, N. Birbilis, G.S. Frankel, S. Virtanen, R. Arrabal, S.M. Thomas and L.G. Johnsson, Fundamentals and Advances in Magnesium Alloy Corrosion, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2017, 89, p 92–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.A. Calderón, J.P. Jiménez and A.A. Zuleta, Improvement of the Erosion-Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium by Electroless Ni-P/Ni(OH)2-Ceramic Nanoparticle Composite Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2016, 304, p 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.04.063

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J.E. Gray and B. Luan, Protective Coatings on Magnesium and Its Alloys-A Critical Review, J. Alloys Compd., 2002, 336(1–2), p 88–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01899-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. J.A. Segarra, B. Calderón and A. Portolés, Study of the Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Alloy Weldings in NaCl Solutions by Gravimetric Tests, Rev. Metal., 2015, 51(3), p e050. https://doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. L. Pezzato, M. Rigon, A. Martucci, K. Brunelli and M. Dabalà, Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) as Pre-Treatment for Sol-Gel Coating on Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.03.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. B. Mingo, R. Arrabal, M. Mohedano, Y. Llamazares, E. Matykina, A. Yerokhin and A. Pardo, Influence of Sealing Post-Treatments on the Corrosion Resistance of PEO Coated AZ91 Magnesium Alloy, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, 433, p 653–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.10.083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. L. Cui, R. Zeng, S. Guan, W. Qi, F. Zhang, S.-Q. Li and E.-H. Han, Degradation Mechanism of Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings on Biodegradable Mg-Ca Alloys: The Influence of Porosity, J. Alloys Compd., 2017, 695, p 2464–2476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.11.146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. L. Pezzato, L.B. Coelho, R. Bertolini, A.G. Settimi, K. Brunelli, M. Olivier and M. Dabalà, Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation-coated AZ80 Magnesium Alloy, Mater. Corros., 2019, 70(11), p 2103–2112. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201910847

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. C.L.L. Chu, X. Han, F. Xue, J. Bai and P.K.K. Chu, Effects of Sealing Treatment on Corrosion Resistance and Degradation Behavior of Micro-Arc Oxidized Magnesium Alloy Wires, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 271, p 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. T.S.N.S. Narayanan and M.H. Lee, A Simple Strategy to Modify the Porous Structure of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on Magnesium, RSC Adv., 2016, 6(19), p 16100–16114. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA20647B

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. M. Sun, A. Matthews and A. Yerokhin, Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on Cp-Mg with Cerium Nitrate and Benzotriazole Immersion Post-Treatments, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2018, 344, p 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.02.078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. M. Mohedano, P. Pérez, E. Matykina, B. Pillado, G. Garcés and R. Arrabal, PEO Coating with Ce-Sealing for Corrosion Protection of LPSO Mg–Y–Zn Alloy, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2020, 383, p 125253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. D.K. Ivanou, M. Starykevich, A.D. Lisenkov, M.L. Zheludkevich, H.B. Xue, S.V. Lamaka and M.G.S. Ferreira, Plasma Anodized ZE41 Magnesium Alloy Sealed with Hybrid Epoxy-Silane Coating, Corros. Sci., 2013, 73, p 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.04.019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Yang, C. Blawert, S.V. Lamaka, D. Snihirova, X. Lu, S. Di and M.L. Zheludkevich, Corrosion Protection Properties of Inhibitor Containing Hybrid PEO-Epoxy Coating on Magnesium, Corros. Sci., 2018, 140, p 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.06.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A.C. Bouali, E.A. Straumal, M. Serdechnova, D.C.F. Wieland, M. Starykevich, C. Blawert, J.U. Hammel, S.A. Lermontov, M.G.S. Ferreira and M.L. Zheludkevich, Layered Double Hydroxide Based Active Corrosion Protective Sealing of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation/Sol-Gel Composite Coating on AA2024, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2019, 494, p 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Toorani and M. Aliofkhazraei, Review of Electrochemical Properties of Hybrid Coating Systems on Mg with Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Process as Pretreatment, Surf. Int., 2019, 14, p 262–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2019.01.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. X.-J. Cui, C.-H. Liu, R.-S. Yang, M.-T. Li and X.-Z. Lin, Self-Sealing Micro-Arc Oxidation Coating on AZ91D Mg Alloy and Its Formation Mechanism, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2015, 269(1), p 228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.09.071

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. K. Dong, Y. Song, D. Shan and E.-H. Han, Formation Mechanism of a Self-Sealing Pore Micro-Arc Oxidation Film on AM60 Magnesium Alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2015, 266, p 188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.02.041

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Z. Ur Rehman and D. Choi, Investigation of ZrO2 Nanoparticles Concentration and Processing Time Effect on the Localized PEO Coatings Formed on AZ91 Alloy, J. Magnes. Alloy., 2019, 7(4), p 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2019.10.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Bordbar-Khiabani, B. Yarmand and M. Mozafari, Effect of ZnO Pore-Sealing Layer on Anti-Corrosion and in-Vitro Bioactivity Behavior of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidized AZ91 Magnesium Alloy, Mater. Lett., 2020, 258, p 126779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. F. Peng, D. Wang, Y. Tian, H. Cao, Y. Qiao and X. Liu, Sealing the Pores of PEO Coating with Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide: Enhanced Corrosion Resistance, Cytocompatibility and Drug Delivery Ability, Sci. Rep., 2017, 7(1), p 8167. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08238-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. W. Zhang, B. Tian, K.-Q. Du, H.-X. Zhang and F.-H. Wang, Preparation and Corrosion Performance of PEO Coating with Low Porosity on Magnesium Alloy AZ91D in Acidic KF System, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 2011, 6, p 5228–5248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Z. Jiang, X. Zeng and Z. Yao, Preparation of Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings on Magnesium Alloy and Its Thermal Shock Resistance Property, Rare Met., 2006, 25(3), p 270–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. G. Barati Darband, M. Aliofkhazraei, P. Hamghalam and N. Valizade, Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Magnesium and Its Alloys: Mechanism, Properties and Applications. J. Magnes. Alloy., 2017, 5(1), p 74–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2017.02.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. G.-H. Lv, H. Chen, X.-Q. Wang, H. Pang, G.-L. Zhang, B. Zou, H.-J. Lee and S.-Z. Yang, Effect of Additives on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy in Phosphate Based Electrolyte, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205, p S36–S40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. L. Pezzato, R. Babbolin, P. Cerchier, M. Marigo, P. Dolcet, M. Dabalà and K. Brunelli, Sealing of PEO Coated AZ91magnesium Alloy Using Solutions Containing Neodymium, Corros. Sci., 2020, 173, p 108741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108741

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. C. Singh, S.K. Tiwari and R. Singh, Effect of Carbonate and Phosphate Conversion Pretreatments and Optimization on Corrosion Behaviour of Subsequent Electroless Nickel Coating on AZ91 Alloy, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2019, 483, p 334–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. L. Toro, A.A. Zuleta, E. Correa, D. Calderón, Y. Galindez, J. Calderón, P. Chacón, A. Valencia-Escobar and F.E. Echeverría, New Insights on the Influence of Low Frequency Pulsed Current on the Characteristics of PEO Coatings Formed on AZ31B, Mater. Res. Express., 2020, 7(1), p 016539. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab61ac

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. W.S. Rasband and U.S. National Institutes of Health. ImageJ “Bethesda, Maryland, USA, U.S. National Institutes of Health, (2018).

  32. B. Lou, Y. Lin, C. Tseng, Y. Lu, J. Duh and J. Lee, Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloys with Si3N4 Nanoparticle Additives, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, 332, p 358–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. A. Atrens, G.-L. Song, F. Cao, Z. Shi and P.K. Bowen, Advances in Mg Corrosion and Research Suggestions, J. Magnes. Alloy., 2013, 1(3), p 177–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2013.09.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. G. Song, A. Atrens and D. StJohn, An Hydrogen Evolution Method for the Estimation of the Corrosion Rate of Magnesium Alloys, Essential Readings in Magnesium Technology. S.N. Mathaudhu, A.A. Luo, N.R. Neelameggham, E.A. Nyberg, W.H. Sillekens Ed., Springer, Cham, 2016, p 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48099-2_90

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  35. B. Mingo, R. Arrabal, M. Mohedano, A. Pardo and E. Matykina, Corrosion and Wear of PEO Coated AZ91/SiC Composites, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2017, 309, p 1023–1032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.10.041

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. ASTM B117-18, “Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (FOG) Apparatus,” (West Conshohocken, PA), ASTM International, 2018, p 1–15a

  37. ASTM D610-08, “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces,” (West Conshohocken, PA), ASTM International, 2008, p 1–6

  38. L. Wu, D. Yang, G. Zhang, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, A. Tang and F. Pan, Fabrication and Characterization of Mg-M Layered Double Hydroxide Films on Anodized Magnesium Alloy AZ31, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2018, 431, p 177–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. G. Zhang, L. Wu, A. Tang, B. Weng, A. Atrens, S. Ma, L. Liu and F. Pan, Sealing of Anodized Magnesium Alloy AZ31 with MgAl Layered Double Hydroxides Layers, RSC Adv., 2018, 8(5), p 2248–2259. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA11683G

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. A. Bautista, J. González and V. López, Influence of Triethanolamine Additions on the Sealing Mechanism of Anodised Aluminium, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2002, 154(1), p 49–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. L. Pezzato, K. Brunelli, R. Babbolin, P. Dolcet and M. Dabalà, Sealing of PEO Coated AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Using La-Based Solutions, Int. J. Corros., 2017, 2017, p 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5305218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. C.S. Lin and Y.C. Fu, Characterization of Anodic Films on AZ31 Magnesium Alloys in Alkaline Solutions Containing Fluoride and Phosphate Anions, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2006, 153(10), p B417. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2257987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. R. Arrabal, E. Matykina, P. Skeldon, G.E. Thompson and A. Pardo, Transport of Species during Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of WE43-T6 Magnesium Alloy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2008, 155(3), p C101. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2823374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. F.A. Bonilla, A. Berkani, Y. Liu, P. Skeldon, G.E. Thompson, H. Habazaki, K. Shimizu, C. John and K. Stevens, Formation of Anodic Films on Magnesium Alloys in an Alkaline Phosphate Electrolyte, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2002 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1424896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Daroonparvar, M.A.M. Yajid, R.K. Gupta, N.M. Yusof, H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad and H. Ghandvar, Investigation of Corrosion Protection Performance of Multiphase PEO (Mg2SiO4, MgO, MgAl2O4) Coatings on Mg Alloy Formed in Aluminate-Silicate- Based Mixture Electrolyte, Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surfaces, 2018, 54(3), p 425–441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. J. **e, J. Zhang, S. Liu, Z. Li, Li. Zhang, Wu. Ruizhi, L. Hou and M. Zhang, Hydrothermal Synthesis of Protective Coating on Mg Alloy for Degradable Implant Applications, Coatings, 2019, 9(3), p 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. M. Kalaiyarasan, K. Saranya and N. Rajendran, In-Vitro Corrosion Assessment of Silicate-Coated AZ31 Mg Alloy in Earle’s Solution, J. Mater. Sci., 2020, 55(8), p 3571–3587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04039-w

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. J. Dou, Y. Zhao, L. Lu, G. Gu, H. Yu and C. Chen, Effect of the Second-Step Voltages on the Structural and Corrosion Properties of Silicon–Calcium–Phosphate (Si–CaP) Coatings on Mg–Zn–Ca Alloy, R. Soc. Open Sci., 2018, 5(10), p 172410. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. L. Hao, H. Wang and R. Chen, Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Hydrophobic Mg (OH)2−xFx–MTES Coating with Ultraviolet Durability and High Visible Transmittance, J. Mater. Sci., 2019, 54(21), p 13569–13578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03891-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. E. Gulbrandsen, J. Taftø and A. Olsen, The Passive Behaviour of Mg in Alkaline Fluoride Solutions. Electrochemical and Electron Microscopical Investigations, Corros. Sci., 1993, 34(9), p 1423–1440. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(93)90238-C

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. M. Rahmati, K. Raeissi, M.R. Toroghinejad, A. Hakimizad and M. Santamaria, Effect of Pulse Current Mode on Microstructure, Composition and Corrosion Performance of the Coatings Produced by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation on AZ31 Mg Alloy, Coatings., 2019, 9(10), p 688.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. J. Liang, B. Guo, J. Tian, H. Liu, J. Zhou, W. Liu and T. Xu, Effects of NaAlO2 on Structure and Corrosion Resistance of Microarc Oxidation Coatings Formed on AM60B Magnesium Alloy in Phosphate–KOH Electrolyte, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 199(2–3), p 121–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. F. Liu, J. Yu, Y. Song, D. Shan and E.-H. Han, Effect of Potassium Fluoride on the In-Situ Sealing Pores of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Film on AM50 Mg Alloy, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2015, 162, p 452–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.06.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. M. Carboneras, L.S. Hernández, J.A. del Valle, M.C. García-Alonso and M.L. Escudero, Corrosion Protection of Different Environmentally Friendly Coatings on Powder Metallurgy Magnesium, J. Alloys Compd., 2010, 496(1–2), p 442–448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. L. Châtelet, J.Y. Bottero, J. Yvon and A. Bouchelaghem, Competition between Monovalent and Divalent Anions for Calcined and Uncalcined Hydrotalcite: Anion Exchange and Adsorption Sites, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 1996, 111(3), p 167–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. J. Chen, Y. Song, D. Shan and E. Han, Study of the Corrosion Mechanism of the in Situ Grown Mg–Al–CO32− Hydrotalcite Film on AZ31 Alloy, Corros. Sci., 2012, 65, p 268–277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. R C. Ropp, Chapter 5 - Group 14 Alkaline Earth Compounds, RCBT-E of the A.E.C. Ropp, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013) p 351–480

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Universidad de Medellín, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje-SENA and MINCIENCIAS for financial assistance (Project FP44842-023-2017).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Correa.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Toro, L., Zuleta, A.A., Correa, E. et al. Hydrothermal Sealing of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings Developed on AZ31 Alloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 31, 9768–9776 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07028-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-022-07028-4

Keywords

Navigation