Abstract
Caesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) has received a lot of interest as a model compound suitable for photovoltaics and many other optoelectronic applications. However, growing significant volumes of CsPbBr3 single crystals is difficult. Herein, a facile room temperature crystal growth strategy is used to generate high-quality and large single crystals of single-phase orthorhombic-CsPbBr3 perovskite at room temperature. The optical, structural, and electrical properties of this crystal are also studied here. It has been found that the single crystals grown at room temperature show better thermal stability and complete sublimation without any decomposition leaving a clue that this material can be thermally deposited into thin films with ease. This significant aspect has also been successfully verified here by thermally depositing a fine and high-quality film of CsPbBr3 using single-crystal powder as the source.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Zhang, F. Wang, Y. Lu, Q. Sun, Y. Xu, B. Bin Zhang, W. Jie, and M.G. Kanatzidis, High-sensitivity x-ray detectors based on solution-grown caesium lead bromide single crystals. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 1248 (2020).
A.K. Jena, A. Kulkarni, and T. Miyasaka, Halide perovskite photovoltaics: background, status, and future prospects. Chem. Rev. 119, 3036 (2019).
C. Zhang, G.M. Arumugam, C. Liu, J. Hu, Y. Yang, R.E.I. Schropp, and Y. Mai, Inorganic halide perovskite materials and solar cells. APL Mater. 7, 120702 (2019).
W. Ahmad, J. Khan, G. Niu, and J. Tang, Inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite-based solar cells: a choice for a tandem device. Solar RRL. 1, 1700048 (2017).
J. Yu, G. Liu, C. Chen, Y. Li, M. Xu, T. Wang, G. Zhao, and L. Zhang, Perovskite CsPbBr3 crystals: growth and applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 6326 (2020).
M. Rodová, J. Brožek, K. Knížek, and K. Nitsch, Phase transitions in ternary caesium lead bromide. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 71, 667 (2003).
M. Zhang, Z. Zheng, Q. Fu, Z. Chen, J. He, S. Zhang, L. Yan, Y. Hu, and W. Luo, Growth and characterization of all-inorganic lead halide perovskite semiconductor CsPbBr3 single crystals. CrystEngComm 19, 6797 (2017).
X. Wei, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, W. Xu, W. Huang, L.B. Luo, and J. Liu, Low-temperature architecture of a cubic-phase CsPbBr3 single crystal for ultrasensitive weak-light photodetectors. Chem. Commun. 57, 7798 (2021).
C. Zhang, J.F.S. Fernando, K.L. Firestein, J.E. Von Treifeldt, D. Siriwardena, X. Fang, and D. Golberg, Thermal stability of CsPbBr3 perovskite as revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. APL Mater. 7, 1 (2019).
H. Lan, H. **ao, J. Zhao, X. Chen, P. Fan, and G. Liang, All-inorganic CsPbBr3 thin-film solar cells prepared by single-source physical vapor deposition. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 132, 105869 (2021).
L. **g, X. Cheng, Y. Yuan, S. Du, J. Ding, H. Sun, X. Zhan, and T. Zhou, Design growth of triangular pyramid MaPbBr3 single crystal and its photoelectric anisotropy between (100) and (111) facets. J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 10826 (2019).
J. Huang, Y. Shao, and Q. Dong, Organometal trihalide perovskite single crystals: a next wave of materials for 25% efficiency photovoltaics and applications beyond? J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 3218 (2015).
Y. He, M. Petryk, Z. Liu, D.G. Chica, I. Hadar, C. Leak, W. Ke, I. Spanopoulos, W. Lin, D.Y. Chung, B.W. Wessels, Z. He, and M.G. Kanatzidis, CsPbBr3 perovskite detectors with 1.4% energy resolution for high-energy γ-rays. Nat. Photonics 15, 36 (2021).
J. Ding, S. Du, Z. Zuo, Y. Zhao, H. Cui, and X. Zhan, High detectivity and rapid response in perovskite CsPbBr3 single-crystal photodetector. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 4917 (2017).
Y. Duan, G. Zhao, X. Liu, J. Ma, S. Chen, Y. Song, X. Pi, X. Yu, D. Yang, Y. Zhang, and F. Guo, Highly efficient and stable inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells via vacuum co-evaporation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 562, 150153 (2021).
M.C. Yen, C.J. Lee, K.H. Liu, Y. Peng, J. Leng, T.H. Chang, C.C. Chang, K. Tamada, and Y.J. Lee, All-Inorganic perovskite quantum dot light-emitting memories. Nat. Commun. 12, 1 (2021).
C.C. Stoumpos, C.D. Malliakas, J.A. Peters, Z. Liu, M. Sebastian, J. Im, T.C. Chasapis, A.C. Wibowo, D.Y. Chung, A.J. Freeman, B.W. Wessels, and M.G. Kanatzidis, Crystal growth of the perovskite semiconductor CsPbBr3: a new material for high-energy radiation detection. Cryst. Growth Des. 13, 2722 (2013).
P. Ramasamy, D.H. Lim, B. Kim, S.H. Lee, M.S. Lee, and J.S. Lee, All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals for photodetector applications. Chem. Commun. 52, 2067 (2016).
S. Ullah, J. Wang, P. Yang, L. Liu, S.-E. Yang, T. **a, H. Guo, and Y. Chen, All-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite: a promising choice for photovoltaics. Mater. Adv. 2, 646 (2021).
M. Kulbak, S. Gupta, N. Kedem, I. Levine, T. Bendikov, G. Hodes, and D. Cahen, Cesium enhances long-term stability of lead bromide perovskite-based solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 167 (2016).
Y. Feng, L. Pan, H. Wei, Y. Liu, Z. Ni, J. Zhao, P.N. Rudd, L.R. Cao, and J. Huang, Low defects density CsPbBr3 single crystals grown by an additive assisted method for gamma-ray detection. J. Mater. Chem. C 8, 11360 (2020).
D.N. Dirin, I. Cherniukh, S. Yakunin, Y. Shynkarenko, and M.V. Kovalenko, Solution-grown CsPbBr3 perovskite single crystals for photon detection. Chem. Mater. 28, 8470 (2016).
M.I. Saidaminov, M.A. Haque, J. Almutlaq, S. Sarmah, X.H. Miao, R. Begum, A.A. Zhumekenov, I. Dursun, N. Cho, B. Murali, O.F. Mohammed, T. Wu, and O.M. Bakr, Inorganic lead halide perovskite single crystals: phase-selective low-temperature growth, carrier transport properties, and self-powered photodetection. Adv. Opt. Mater. 5, 1600704 (2017).
M. Barrett, M. McNamara, H.X. Hao, P. Barrett, and B. Glennon, Supersaturation tracking for the development, optimization and control of crystallization processes. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 88, 1108 (2010).
M.D. Clark, K.R. Morris, and M.S. Tomassone, Correlation of solubility with the metastable limit of nucleation using gauge-cell monte carlo simulations. Langmuir 33, 9081 (2017).
R. Gupta, T.B. Korukonda, S.K. Gupta, B.P. Dhamaniya, P. Chhillar, R. Datt, P. Vashishtha, G. Gupta, V. Gupta, R. Srivastava, and S. Pathak, Room Temperature synthesis of perovskite (MAPbI3) single crystal by anti-solvent assisted inverse temperature crystallization method. J. Cryst. Growth 537, 125598 (2020).
M. Bari, H. Wu, A.A. Bokov, R.F. Ali, H.N. Tailor, B.D. Gates, and Z.G. Ye, Room-temperature synthesis, growth mechanisms and opto-electronic properties of organic-inorganic halide perovskite Ch3Nh3PbX3(X = I, Br, and Cl) single crystals. CrystEngComm 23, 3326 (2021).
H. Zhang, Y. Xu, Q. Sun, J. Dong, Y. Lu, B. Zhang, and W. Jie, Lead free halide perovskite Cs3Bi2I9 bulk crystals grown by a low temperature solution method. CrystEngComm 20, 4935 (2018).
M. Pratheek, and P. Predeep, Hybrid perovskite single crystal with extended absorption edge and environmental stability: towards a simple and easy synthesis procedure. Mater. Chem. Phys. 239, 120084 (2020).
M.I. Saidaminov, A.L. Abdelhady, G. Maculan, and O.M. Bakr, Retrograde solubility of formamidinium and methylammonium lead halide perovskites enabling rapid single crystal growth. Chem. Commun. 51, 17658 (2015).
X. Liu, J. Fu, D. Zhao, Y. Hao, H. Zhu, M. Xu, B. Zhang, W. Jie, and Y. Xu, MaPbBr3−xIx crystals improved by accurate solution-grown procedure for alpha particle detection. Front. Phys. 7, 1 (2020).
L. Ke, S. Luo, X. Ren, and Y. Yuan, Factors influencing the nucleation and crystal growth of solution-processed organic lead halide perovskites: a review. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 54, 163001 (2021).
Y. Rakita, N. Kedem, S. Gupta, A. Sadhanala, V. Kalchenko, M.L. Böhm, M. Kulbak, R.H. Friend, D. Cahen, and G. Hodes, Low-temperature solution-grown CsPbBr3 single crystals and their characterization. Cryst. Growth Des. 16, 5717 (2016).
D. Zhang, S.W. Eaton, Y. Yu, L. Dou, and P. Yang, Solution-phase synthesis of cesium lead halide perovskite nanowires. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 9230 (2015).
J. Ibaceta-Jaña, R. Muydinov, P. Rosado, H. Mirhosseini, M. Chugh, O. Nazarenko, D.N. Dirin, D. Heinrich, M.R. Wagner, T.D. Kühne, B. Szyszka, M.V. Kovalenko, and A. Hoffmann, Vibrational dynamics in lead halide hybrid perovskites investigated by raman spectroscopy. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22, 5604 (2020).
Z. Zhao, M. Zhong, W. Zhou, Y. Peng, Y. Yin, D. Tang, and B. Zou, Simultaneous triplet exciton-phonon and exciton-photon photoluminescence in the individual weak confinement CsPbBr3 micro/nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 25349 (2019).
J.H. Cha, J.H. Han, W. Yin, C. Park, Y. Park, T.K. Ahn, J.H. Cho, and D.Y. Jung, Photoresponse of CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 perovskite single crystals. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 565 (2017).
V. Lughi, and D.R. Clarke, Defect and stress characterization of AlN films by raman spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 1 (2006).
Z. Chen, Q. Dong, Y. Liu, C. Bao, Y. Fang, Y. Lin, S. Tang, Q. Wang, X. **ao, Y. Bai, Y. Deng, and J. Huang, Thin single crystal perovskite solar cells to harvest below-bandgap light absorption. Nat. Commun. 8, 1 (2017).
X. Cheng, S. Yang, B. Cao, X. Tao, and Z. Chen, Single crystal perovskite solar cells: development and perspectives. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1905021 (2020).
Y. Liu, J. Sun, Z. Yang, D. Yang, X. Ren, H. Xu, Z. Yang, and S.F. Liu, 20-mm-large single-crystalline formamidinium-perovskite wafer for mass production of integrated photodetectors. Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, 1829 (2016).
O.J. McCarthy, Milk: physical and physico-chemical properties of milk. Encycl. Dairy Sci. Second Ed. 3, 467 (2002).
J.N. Wilson, J.M. Frost, S.K. Wallace, and A. Walsh, Dielectric and ferroic properties of metal halide perovskites. APL Mater. 7, 010901 (2019).
J. Peng, C.Q. **a, Y. Xu, R. Li, L. Cui, J.K. Clegg, L.M. Herz, M.B. Johnston, and Q. Lin, Crystallization of CsPbBr3 single crystals in water for X-ray detection. Nat. Commun. 12, 1 (2021).
Y. Yang, M. Yang, D. Moore, Y. Yan, E. Miller, K. Zhu, and M. Beard, Lead iodide perovskite films. Nat. Energy 1, 1–7 (2017).
D. Kim, J.H. Yun, M. Lyu, J. Kim, S. Lim, J.S. Yun, L. Wang, and J. Seidel, Probing facet-dependent surface defects in MAPbI3 perovskite single crystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 14144 (2019).
H. Zhang, X. Liu, J. Dong, H. Yu, C. Zhou, B. Zhang, Y. Xu, and W. Jie, Centimeter-sized inorganic lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3 crystals grown by an improved solution method. Cryst. Growth Des. 17, 6426 (2017).
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to The ANERT, Govt. of Kerala, for the financial support for this work (Project No. ANERT-TECH/11/2019-S(NEP)) and to the Centre for Materials Characterization, NIT Calicut for the help and support during the work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sujith, P., Pratheek, M., Parne, S.R. et al. Growth and Characterization of High-Quality Orthorhombic Phase CsPbBr3 Perovskite Single Crystals for Optoelectronic Applications. J. Electron. Mater. 52, 718–729 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-10042-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-10042-w