Abstract
Mine waste debris flows continue to occur in China, and the disaster prevention and mitigation of these flows faces severe challenges since the mechanisms determining erosion and transport of mine waste along gullies are not yet fully understood. The erosion and delivery process of mine waste heaps was reproduced through flume experiments with the method based on field survey data of the Daxicha mine waste debris flow gully in the **aoqinling gold mining area. The results showed that the erosion and movement of mine wastes could be divided into three modes: minimal sediment movement, sediment sorting and delivery, and a large amount of sediment transfer. Moreover, there was an obvious amplification effect on peak discharge along with the formation and failure of temporary landslide dams during the erosion process. The correlation between the coefficient of peak discharge amplification and three dimensionless influencing factors, flume gradient, dimensionless volume, and dimensionless particle size, were comprehensively analyzed. An empirical formula for the coefficient of peak discharge amplification was proposed and verified based on 16 sets of experimental data. These preliminary results can provide a scientific reference for future research on disaster prevention and mitigation of mine waste debris flows.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen H, Crosta GB, Lee CF (2006) Erosional effects on runout of fast landslides, debris flows and avalanches: a numerical investigation. Geotechnique 56 (5): 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2006.56.5.305
Chen H Q, Xu YN, Zhang JH, et al. (2008) Source characters and risk assessments of mine slag- type debris flows in the Dahu valley, **aoqinling, China. Geological Bulletin of China 27(8):1292–1298. (In Chinese).
Chen HY, Cui P, Gordon GDZ, et al. (2014) Experimental study of debris flow caused by domino failure of landslide dams. International Journal of Sediment Research 29(3): 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(14)60055-X
Chin CO, Melville BW, Raudkivi AJ (1994) Streambed Armoring. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 120(8): 899–918. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:8(899)
Costa JE, Schuster RL (1988) The formation and failure of natural dams. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 100 (7): 1054–1068. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1054:TFAFON>2.3.CO;2
Cui P, Gordon GDZ, Zhu XH, et al. (2013) Scale amplification of natural debris flows caused by cascading landslide dam failures. Geomorphology 182: 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.009
Cui, YF, Chan D, Nouri A (2017a) Discontinuum Modeling of Solid Deformation Pore-Water Diffusion Coupling. International Journal of Geomechanics 17(8): 04017033. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000903
Cui YF, Chan D, Nouri A (2017b) Coupling of Solid Deformation and Pore Pressure for Undrained Deformation - a discrete Element Method Approach. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 41(18): 1943–1961. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2708
Cui YF, Nouri A, Chan D, et al. (2016) A new approach to the DEM simulation of sand production. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 147: 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.05.007
Cui YF, Jiang YJ, Guo CX (2019) Investigation of the initiation of shallow failure in widely graded loose soil slopes considering interstitial flow and surface runoff. Landslides. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-01129-9
Deng LS, Fan W, **ong W, et al. (2009) Development features and risk of inducing slag debris flow at Daxicha Gully. Journal of Engineering Geology 17(3): 415–420. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60084-4
Gauer P, Issler D (2004). Possible erosion mechanisms in snow avalanches. Annals Glaciology 38(1): 384–392. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756404781815068
Gordon GD, Cui P, Chen HY, et al. (2013) Experimental study on cascading landslide dam failures by upstream flows. Landslides 10(5): 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-012-0352-6
Hu W, Xu Q, van Asch TWJ, et al. (2014) Flume tests to study the initiation of huge debris flows after the Wenchuan earthquake in S-W China. Engineering geology 182(B) 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.04.006
Hu W, Xu Q, Rui C, et al. (2015) An instrumented flume to investigate the initiation mechanism of the post-earthquake huge debris flow in southwest of China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 74(2): 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0627-3
Hungr O, Corominas J, Eberhardt E (2005) Estimating landslide motion mechanism, travel distance and velocity. Proceedings of the International Conference on Landslide Risk Management, Vancouver, Canada, Balkema, Leiden, pp 99–128.
Hungr O, McDougall S (2009) Two numerical models for landslide dynamic analysis. Computers Geosciences 35(5): 978–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2007.12.003
Iverson RM, Denlinger RP (2001) Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three dimensional terrain 1: Coulomb mixture theory. Journal of Geophysical Research 106: 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900329
Iverson RM, Reid M, Lahusen R (1997) Debris flow mobilization from landslides. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 25: 85–138. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85
Jiang XG, Cui P, Chen HY, Guo YY (2017) Formation conditions of outburst debris flow triggered by overtopped natural dam failure. Landslides 14(3): 821–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0751-1
Kang C, Chan D (2018) Numerical simulation of 2D granular flow entrainment using DEM. Granular Matter 20(13): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-017-0782-x
Kang ZC, Li CF, Ma AN (2004) Research on Debris Flow in China. The Science Publishing Company, Bei**g, China. (In Chinese)
Li ZS (1995) A study on the mud rock flow disaster in 1994 in the gold mine area of Tongguan, Shaanxi. Journal of Catastrophology 10(3): 51–56. (In Chinese).
Liu SJ, **e H, Wei FQ, et al. (1996) A man-caused debris flow in **aoqinling Gold Mining region. Mountain Research 14(4): 259–263 (In Chinese).
McDougall S, Hungr O (2005). Dynamic modeling of entrainment in rapid landslides. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42(5): 1437–1448. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-064
Peng M, Zhang LM (2012) Breaching parameters of landslide dams. Landslides 9(1): 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0271-y
Peng JB, Fan ZJ, Wu D, et al. (2015) Heavy rainfall triggered loess-mudstone landslide and subsequent debris flow in Tianshui, China. Engineering geology 186: 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.08.015
Qian N, Wan ZH (1983) The Dynamic Theory of Sedimentation. The Science Publishing Company, Bei**g, China. (In Chinese)
Savage SB, Hutter K (1989) The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 199: 177–215. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112089000340
Sutherland AJ (1987) Static Armor Layers by Selective Erosion, In: Sediment transport in gravel-bed rivers, edited by C. R. Thorne. John Wiley & Sons 243–267.
Takahashi T (2009) A review of Japanese debris flow research. International Journal of Erosion Control Engineering 2(1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.13101/ijece.2.1
Vandine DF, Bovis M (2002). History and goals of Canadian debris-flow research, a review. Natural Hazards 26(1): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015220811211
VanWesten CJ, van Asch TWJ, Soeters R (2006). Landslide hazard and risk zonation-why is it still so difficult? Bulletin of Engineering Geology and Environment 65(2): 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-005-0023-0
Walder JS, O’Connor JE (1997). Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams. Water Resources Research 33(10): 2337–2348. https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01616
Xu YN, Cao YB, Zhang JH, et al. (2009) Research on starting of mine debris flow based on artificial simulation experiment in **aoqinling Gold Ore area. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 28(7): 1389–1395. (In Chinese) https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.26.5827
Yang M, Chen HQ, Zhang JH (2018) Study on Permeability Characteristics of Slag Debris Flow Source in Gold Mining Area, Soil and water conservation in China 8: 46–48. (In Chinese)
Yang M (2010) Study on the key control factors of mine waste debris flows initiation in **aoqinlin Gold Mine Area. A Dissertation submitted for the degree of Master, Chang’an University, **’an, China. (In Chinese)
Zhang RJ, **e JH, Chen WB (2007) River Dynamics. Wuhan University Press, Wuhan, China. (In Chinese)
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41790441, 41877249 and 41402255) and Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation Project (Grant No. 2017JM4008). Finally, the authors thank Dr. MA Penghui for his kind assistance with the flume experiments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, Xh., Cui, Yf., Peng, Jb. et al. Erosion and transport mechanisms of mine waste along gullies. J. Mt. Sci. 16, 402–413 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-4981-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-4981-7