Abstract
Globally, 90% of plastics are synthetic, made up of crude oil, natural gas, and coal. Even though plastic is extremely useful in our lives, its excessive use and mismanaged disposal are negatively affecting the ecosystem. The review highlights that the recycling process plays a critical role in controlling the problem of plastic pollution. Although plastic recycling is the most common approach used for managing plastic waste, only 2% of the total plastic waste enters the closed-loop system. However, the review suggests that along with recycling, cost-effective and environmentally friendly plastic approaches can synergistically help to control this increasing problem of plastic waste accumulation. The review further discusses the consequences of plastic pollution on humans and the environment. In particular, the review focuses on biocatalytic and bioengineering tools for the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the major contributors to plastic waste in landfills and oceans. Moreover, the review presents biobased and biodegradable materials, derived from renewable feedstocks, as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics along with their complete end-of-life options. Overall, this review analyzes the current scenario of the plastic industry, from plastic production to waste generation and management, loopholes and challenges in the current management strategies, and possible solutions like recycling, biodegradation, and biobased plastics.
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Abbreviations
- AoC:
-
Aspergillus oryzae Cutinase
- BADGE:
-
Bisphenol A diglyceride ether
- BFR:
-
Brominated flame retardants
- BHET:
-
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid
- Bio-PE:
-
Bio-polyethylene
- Bio-PET:
-
Bio-polyethylene terephthalate
- Bio-PP:
-
Bio-polypropylene
- BPA:
-
Bisphenol A
- CDC:
-
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- CFC:
-
Chlorofluorocarbon
- CMLE:
-
3-Carboxy-cis, cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme
- DHEP:
-
Diethylhexyl phthalate
- EDC:
-
Endocrine disruptor
- E. coli :
-
Escherichia coli
- EG:
-
Ethyl glycol
- EU:
-
European Union
- FAO:
-
Food and Agriculture Organization
- FESEM:
-
Field emission scanning electron microscopy
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- HiC:
-
Humicola insolens Cutinase
- HMF:
-
Hydroxy methyl furfural
- IsPETase:
-
Ideonella sakaiensis PETase
- LCA:
-
Life cycle assessment
- LCC:
-
Leaf branch compost cutinase
- MHET:
-
Mono(ethylene terephthalate)
- PA:
-
Polyamide
- PAH:
-
Polyaromatic hydrocarbon
- PBAT:
-
Poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate)
- PBS:
-
Polybutylene succinate
- PC:
-
Polycarbonate
- PCB:
-
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- PCDO:
-
Protocatechuic dehydrogenase
- PE:
-
Polyethylene
- PEF:
-
Polyethylene furanoate
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- PETase:
-
PET hydrolase
- PHA:
-
Polyhydroxyalkanoate
- PHB:
-
Polyhydroxybutyrate
- PLA:
-
Polylactic acid
- POP:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- PoTSs:
-
Potentially toxic substances
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- PTT:
-
Polytrimethylene terephthalate
- PU:
-
Polyurethane
- PVC:
-
Polyvinyl chloride
- TEA:
-
Techno-economic analyses
- Thc_Cut1:
-
T. cellulosilytica Cutinase 1
- TfCut2:
-
Thermophilic Polyester hydrolase
- TPA:
-
Terephthalic acid
- TPADO:
-
Terephthalate dioxygenase
- tphB:
-
cis-Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase
- TtC:
-
Thielavia terrestris Cutinase
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, for the research grant (Grant Number, R21-1877916181) and Manipal University Jaipur, India, for the motivation and support. The authors also acknowledge IAESTE for providing this exchange and collaborative opportunity.
Funding
This work has received funding support from the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, under its research fund grant to Dr. Monika Sogani, Manipal University Jaipur (Grant Number, R21-1877916181).
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Jayana Rajvanshi: visualization, data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation. Monika Sogani: conceptualization, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—reviewing and editing, supervision. Georgios Tziouvaras: data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation. Anu Kumar: writing—reviewing and editing, supervision. Zainab Syed: data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation. Kumar Sonu: data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation. Nishan Sen Gupta: data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation. Himanshi Sen: data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft preparation.
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Rajvanshi, J., Sogani, M., Tziouvaras, G. et al. An analytical review on revam** plastic waste management: exploring recycling, biodegradation, and the growing role of biobased plastics. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33333-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33333-7