SpringerLink
Log in

Discrimination of metal contaminant sources in river sediments influenced by mining and smelting activities using stable Pb and Zn isotopes

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To determine the sources and pathways of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in river sediments contaminated with metals from mining and smelting activities, metal concentrations and Pb and Zn isotope ratios were measured in river water and sediment, and potential metal contaminant samples (imported Zn concentrates, smelting wastes, soils around the smelter, mine ores, and riverside tailings). Zn and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in river water and sediment samples were 30- and 11–25-fold higher, respectively, near the smelter than upstream, while a 6-fold increase in sediment Pb concentrations was detected over the same region. Sediment samples near the smelter (207Pb/206Pb = 0.8638 and 208Pb/206Pb = 2.0960) were observed to have a different Pb isotopic composition from upstream of the smelter (207Pb/206Pb = 0.8322 and 208Pb/206Pb = 2.0502), with δ66Zn values increasing from –0.01 to 0.82‰. Analysis of Pb and Zn isotopes and concentrations revealed that dust-contaminated soils were a major Pb source, and baseline sediments were found to be contaminated by regional mining tailings. For Zn in sediments, the main Zn sources were groundwater-derived Zn (δ66Zn = 1.02 ± 0.43‰, n = 4), dust-contaminated soils (δ66Zn = –0.18 ± 0.08‰, n = 3), and tailings-contaminated sediments (δ66Zn = 0.01 ± 0.07‰, n = 10). Endmember mixing model results showed that dust-contaminated soils contributed 78% and 64% of sediment Pb and Zn, respectively, within 2 km of the Zn smelter, decreasing to negligible levels after 47.1 km downstream. Downstream of the smelter, groundwater-derived Zn contributed 54% of sediment Zn, whereas tailings contaminated sediments contributed 70% and 25% of Pb and Zn, respectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Canada)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Aranda S, Borrok DM, Wanty RB, Balistrieri LS (2012) Zinc isotope investigation of surface and pore waters in a mountain watershed impacted by acid rock drainage. Sci Total Environ 420:202–213

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araújo DF, Boaventura GR, Machado W, Viers J, Weiss D, Patchineelam SR, Ruiz I, Rodrigues APC, Babinski M, Dantas E (2017) Tracing of anthropogenic zinc sources in coastal environments using stable isotope composition. Chem Geol 449:226–235

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold T, Schönbächler M, Rehkämper M, Dong S, Zhao FJ, Kirk GJ, Coles BH, Weiss DJ (2010) Measurement of zinc stable isotope ratios in biogeochemical matrices by double-spike MC-ICPMS and determination of the isotope ratio pool available for plants from soil. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:3115–3125

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bindler R, Renberg I, Klaminder J, Emteryd O (2004) Tree rings as Pb pollution archives? A comparison of 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratios in pine and other environmental media. Sci Total Environ 319(1–3):173–183

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borrok DM, Gieré R, Ren M, Landa ER (2010) Zinc isotopic composition of particulate matter generated during the combustion of coal and coal+ tire-derived fuels. Environ Sci Technol 44(23):9219–9224

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne P, Hudson-Edwards KA, Bird G, Macklin MG, Brewer PA, Williams RD, Jamieson HE (2018) Water quality impacts and river system recovery following the 2014 Mount Polley mine tailings dam spill, British Columbia, Canada. Appl Geochem 91:64–74

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Savage PS, Teng FZ, Helz RT, Moynier F (2013) Zinc isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation and the isotopic composition of the bulk Earth. Earth Planet Sci Lett 369:34–42

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Liu Y, Hu J, Zhang Z, Hou Z, Huang F, Yu H (2016) Zinc isotopic compositions of NIST SRM 683 and whole-rock reference materials. Geostand Geoanal Res 40(3):417–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Ding Y, Jiang X, Duan H, Ruan X, Li Z, Li Y (2022) Combination of UNMIX, PMF model and Pb-Zn-Cu isotopic compositions for quantitative source apportionment of heavy metals in suburban agricultural soils. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 234:113369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi MS, Uoo JS, Kim DS (2007a) Sources identification of anthropogenic Pb in Ulleung basin sediments using stable Pb isotope ratios, East/Japan Sea. Sea J Kor Soc Ocean 12(4): 315–327. In Korean with English abstract

  • Choi MS, Yi HI, Yang SY, Lee CB, Cha HJ (2007b) Identification of Pb sources in Yellow Sea sediments using stable Pb isotope ratios. Mar Chem 107(2):255–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi M, Park J, Cho D, Jang D, Kim M, Choi J (2015) Tracing metal sources in core sediments of the artificial lake An-Dong, Korea: concentration and metal association. Sci Total Environ 527:384–392

    Article  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming GL, Richards JR (1975) Ore lead isotope ratios in a continuously changing Earth. Earth Planet Sci Lett 28(2):155–171

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng J, Wang C, Bagas L, Selvaraja V, Jeon H, Wu B, Yang L (2017) Insights into ore genesis of the **ding Zn–Pb deposit, Yunnan Province, China: Evidence from Zn and in-situ S isotopes. Ore Geol Rev 90:943–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desaulty AM, Petelet-Giraud E (2020) Zinc isotope composition as a tool for tracing sources and fate of metal contaminants in rivers. Sci Total Environ 728:138599

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickin AP (1995) Isotope geochemistry of oceanic volcanics. Radiogenic Isotope Geology, Cambridge Univ. Press, Edinburgh 1–452

  • Duan J, Tang J, Lin B (2016) Zinc and lead isotope signatures of the Zhaxikang PbZn deposit, South Tibet: Implications for the source of the ore-forming metals. Ore Geol Rev 78:58–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte EB, Neves MA, de Oliveira FB, Martins ME, de Oliveira CHR, Burak DL, Orlando MTD, Rangel CVGT (2021) Trace metals in Rio Doce sediments before and after the collapse of the Fundão iron ore tailing dam. Southeastern Brazil Chemosphere 262:127879

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foucher D, Ogrinc, Hintelmann HH (2009) Tracing mercury contamination from the Idrija mining region (Slovenia) to the Gulf of Trieste using Hg isotope ratio measurements. Environ Sci Technol 43(1):33–39

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnevin D, Boyce AJ, Barrie CD, Menuge JF, Blakeman RJ (2012) Zn, Fe and S isotope fractionation in a large hydrothermal system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 88:183–198

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong YP, Choi JH, Kim YJ, Kim DI, Ryoo KS (2016) Contamination status of the upper Nakdong riverside by heavy metals in mine tailings. Journal of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis 19(3):135–145. In Korean with English abstract

  • Horowitz AJ (1991) A primer on sediment-trace element chemistry. Lewis, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jeon SK, Kwon MJ, Yang JS, Lee S (2017) Identifying the source of Zn in soils around a Zn smelter using Pb isotope ratios and mineralogical analysis. Sci Total Environ 601:66–72

    Article  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong YJ, Cheong CS, Shin D, Lee KS, Jo HJ, Gautam MK, Lee I (2012) Regional variations in the lead isotopic composition of galena from southern Korea with implications for the discrimination of lead provenance. J Asian Earth Sci 61:116–127

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • John SG, Park JG, Zhang Z, Boyle EA (2007) The isotopic composition of some common forms of anthropogenic zinc. Chem Geol 245(1–2):61–69

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John SG, Rouxel OJ, Craddock PR, Engwall AM, Boyle EA (2008) Zinc stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and chimneys. Earth Planet Sci Lett 269(1–2):17–28

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouvin D, Weiss DJ, Mason TFM, Bravin MN, Louvat P, Zhao F, Ferec F, Hinsinger P, Benedetti MF (2012) Stable isotopes of Cu and Zn in higher plants: evidence for Cu reduction at the root surface and two conceptual models for isotopic fractionation processes. Environ Sci Technol 46(5):2652–2660

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juillot F, Maréchal C, Ponthieu M, Cacaly S, Morin G, Benedetti M, Hazemann JL, Proux O, Guyot F (2008) Zn isotopic fractionation caused by sorption on goethite and 2-Lines ferrihydrite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72(19):4886–4900

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang MJ, Kwon YK, Yu S, Lee PK, Park HS, Song N (2019) Assessment of Zn pollution sources and apportionment in agricultural soils impacted by a Zn smelter in South Korea. J Hazard Mater 364:475–487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kavner A, John SG, Sass S, Boyle EA (2008) Redox-driven stable isotope fractionation in transition metals: Application to Zn electroplating. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72(7):1731–1741

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley KD, Wilkinson JJ, Chapman JB, Crowther HL, Weiss DJ (2009) Zinc isotopes in sphalerite from base metal deposits in the Red Dog district, northern Alaska. Econ Geol 104(6):767–773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JW, Jung MC, Lee H, Kim H, Heo H (2022) Status and Evaluation of Characteristics of Deposited Tailings in the Upstream of Andong Dam. J Korean Soc Mineral Energy Resour Eng 59(6):607–618. In Korean with English abstract

  • Kim J, Choi U, Baek SH, Choi HB, Lee J (2016) A study on chemical compositions of sediment and surface water in Nakdong river for tracing contaminants from mining activities. J Korean Earth Sci Soc 37(4):211–217. In Korean with English abstract

  • Klaminder J, Farmer JG, MacKenzie AB (2011) The origin of lead in the organic horizon of tundra soils: Atmospheric deposition, plant translocation from the mineral soil or soil mineral mixing? Sci Total Environ 409(20):4344–4350

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon HW, Kim YH, Kim JJ (2022) Heavy Metal Characteristics of Fish in Watersheds of the Upper Region of the Nakdong River. J Environ Sci Intl 31(2):103–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Zhou Y, She J, Tsang DC, Lippold H, Wang J, Song L (2020) Quantitative isotopic fingerprinting of thallium associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fluvial sediment cores with multiple anthropogenic sources. Environ Pollut 266:115252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maréchal CN, Télouk P, Albarède F (1999) Precise analysis of copper and zinc isotopic compositions by plasma-source mass spectrometry. Chem Geol 156(1–4):251–273

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason TF, Weiss DJ, Chapman JB, Wilkinson JJ, Tessalina SG, Spiro B, Spiro B, Horstwood MSA, Spratt J, Coles BJ (2005) Zn and Cu isotopic variability in the Alexandrinka volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) ore deposit, Urals Russia. Chem Geol 221(3–4):170–187

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason TF, Weiss DJ, Horstwood M, Parrish RR, Russell SS, Mullane E, Coles BJ (2004) High-precision Cu and Zn isotope analysis by plasma source mass spectrometry Part 1. Spectral interferences and their correction. J Anal Atom Spectrom 19(2):209–217

  • Mattielli N, Petit JC, Deboudt K, Flament P, Perdrix E, Taillez A, Rimetz-Planchon J, Weis D (2009) Zn isotope study of atmospheric emissions and dry depositions within a 5 km radius of a Pb–Zn refinery. Atmos Environ 43(6):1265–1272

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Environment (MOE) (2016) Environmental impact survey in the vicinity of Seokpo smelter. M082186:1–414

  • Ministry of Environment (MOE) (2020a) Seokpo smelter ground water heavy metal contamination causes and leakage investigation. M090007:1–216

  • Ministry of Environment (MOE) (2020b) Research on water and sediment quality at the upstream region of Andong Dam (II). 1–603

  • Mondillo N, Wilkinson JJ, Boni M, Weiss DJ, Mathur R (2018) A global assessment of Zn isotope fractionation in secondary Zn minerals from sulfide and non-sulfide ore deposits and model for fractionation control. Chem Geol 500:182–193

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monna F, Lancelot J, Croudace IW, Cundy AB, Lewis JT (1997) Pb isotopic composition of airborne particulate material from France and the southern United Kingdom: implications for Pb pollution sources in urban areas. Environ Sci Technol 31(8):2277–2286

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton-Bermea O, Rodríguez-Salazar MT, Hernández-Alvarez E, García-Arreola ME, Lozano-Santacruz R (2011) Lead isotopes as tracers of anthropogenic pollution in urban topsoils of Mexico City. Geochemistry 71(2):189–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukai H, Furuta N, Fujii T, Ambe Y, Sakamoto K, Hashimoto Y (1993) Characterization of sources of lead in the urban air of Asia using ratios of stable lead isotopes. Environ Sci Technol 27(7):1347–1356

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) (2011) A study on tracking sources of pollutants using environmental forensics techniques (I). N028844:1–32

  • Nieuwenhuize J, Maas YE, Middelburg JJ (1994) Rapid analysis of organic carbon and nitrogen in particulate materials. Mar Chem 45(3):217–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa Gonzalez R, Weiss D (2015) Zinc isotope variability in three coal-fired power plants: a predictive model for determining isotopic fractionation during combustion. Environ Sci Technol 49(20):12560–12567

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park JJ, Kim KJ, Yoo SM, Kim EH, Seok KS, Shin HS, Kim YH (2012) Tracking lead contamination sources of sediments in Lake Andong using lead isotopes. Anal Sci Technol 25(6):429–434. In Korean with English abstract

  • Park KH, Chang HW (2005) Pb isotopic composition of Yeonhwa and Janggun Pb-Zn ore deposits and origin of Pb: role of Precambrian crustal basement and Mesozoic igneous rocks. J Petrol Soc Korea 14(3):141–148. In Korean with English abstract

  • Pašava J, Tornos F, Chrastný V (2014) Zinc and sulfur isotope variation in sphalerite from carbonate-hosted zinc deposits, Cantabria, Spain. Miner Deposita 49:797–807

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiel AE, Weis D, Orians KJ (2010) Evaluation of zinc, cadmium and lead isotope fractionation during smelting and refining. Sci Total Environ 408(11):2357–2368

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Šillerová H, Chrastný V, Vítková M, Francová A, Jehlička J, Gutsch MR, Kocourková J, Aspholm PE, Nilsson LO, Berglen TF, Jensen HKB, Komárek M (2017) Stable isotope tracing of Ni and Cu pollution in North-East Norway: Potentials and drawbacks. Environ Pollut 228:149–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sivry Y, Riotte J, Sonke JE, Audry S, Schäfer J, Viers J, Blanc G, Freydier R, Dupré B (2008) Zn isotopes as tracers of anthropogenic pollution from Zn-ore smelters The Riou Mort-Lot River system. Chem Geol 255(3–4):295–304

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skierszkan EK, Mayer KU, Weis D, Beckie RD (2016) Molybdenum and zinc stable isotope variation in mining waste rock drainage and waste rock at the Antamina mine, Peru. Sci Total Environ 550:103–113

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song IG, Kang YG, Kim JH, Yoon H, Um WY, Chang YS (2023) Assessment of sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron for in-situ remediation of cadmium-contaminated acidic groundwater at a zinc smelter. J Hazard Mater 441:129915

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonke JE, Sivry Y, Viers J, Freydier R, Dejonghe L, André L, Aggarwal JK, Fontan F, Dupré B (2008) Historical variations in the isotopic composition of atmospheric zinc deposition from a zinc smelter. Chem Geol 252(3–4):145–157

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souto-Oliveira CE, Babinski M, Araújo DF, Andrade MDF (2018) Multi-isotopic fingerprints (Pb, Zn, Cu) applied for urban aerosol source apportionment and discrimination. Sci Total Environ 626:1350–1366

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanimizu M, Asada Y, Hirata T (2002) Absolute isotopic composition and atomic weight of commercial zinc using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 74(22):5814–5819

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todt W, Cliff RA, Hanser A, Hofmann AW (1996) Evaluation of a 202Pb–205Pb double spike for high-precision lead isotope analysis. In: Basu AR, Hart SR (eds) Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code. Am Geophys Union, USA, pp 429–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonhá MS, Garnier J, Araújo DF, Cunha BC, Machado W, Dantas E, Araújo R, Kutter VT, Bonnet MP, Seyler P (2020) Behavior of metallurgical zinc contamination in coastal environments: A survey of Zn from electroplating wastes and partitioning in sediments. Sci Total Environ 743:140610

    Article  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend AT, Seen AJ (2012) Historical lead isotope record of a sediment core from the Derwent River (Tasmania, Australia): A multiple source environment. Sci Total Environ 424:153–161

    Article  ADS  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verardo DJ, Froelich PN, McIntyre A (1990) Determination of organic carbon and nitrogen in marine sediments using the Carlo Erba NA-1500 Analyzer. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 37(1):157–165

  • Vrhovnik P, Smuc NR, Dolenec T, Serafimovski T, Dolenec M (2013) Impact of Pb-Zn mining activity on surficial sediments of Lake Kalimanci (FYR Macedonia). Turkish J Earth Sci 22(6):996–1009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, ** Y, Weiss DJ, Schleicher NJ, Wilcke W, Wu L, Guo Q, Chen J, O’Connor D, Hou D (2021) Possible application of stable isotope compositions for the identification of metal sources in soil. J Hazard Mater 407:124812

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss DJ, Rausch N, Mason TF, Coles BJ, Wilkinson JJ, Ukonmaanaho L, Arnold T, Nieminen TM (2007) Atmospheric deposition and isotope biogeochemistry of zinc in ombrotrophic peat. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71(14):3498–3517

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss D, Shotyk W, Kramers JD, Gloor M (1999) Sphagnum mosses as archives of recent and past atmospheric lead deposition in Switzerland. Atmos Environ 33(23):3751–3763

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson JJ, Weiss DJ, Mason TFD, Coles BJ (2005) Zinc isotope variation in hydrothermal systems: preliminary evidence from the Irish Midlands ore field. Econ Geol 100(3):583–590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin NH, Sivry Y, Benedetti MF, Lens PN, van Hullebusch ED (2016) Application of Zn isotopes in environmental impact assessment of Zn–Pb metallurgical industries: a mini review. Appl Geochem 64:128–135

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Guan M, Shu Y, Shen L, Chen X, Zhang F, Li T, Jiang T (2016) Reconstruction of historical lead contamination and sources in Lake Hailing, Eastern China: a Pb isotope study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:9183–9191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Runsheng H, Lei W, Wei P (2022) Zn–S isotopic fractionation effect during the evolution process of ore-forming fluids: A case study of the ultra-large Huize rich Ge-bearing Pb–Zn deposit. Appl Geochem 140:105240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, He B, Wu H, Zheng G, Ma X, Liang J, Li P, Fan Q (2020) A comprehensive investigation of hazardous elements contamination in mining and smelting-impacted soils and sediments. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 192:110320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong Q, Yin M, Zhang Q, Beiyuan J, Liu J, Yang X, Wang J, Wang L, Jiang Y, **ao T, Zhang Z (2021) Cadmium isotopic fractionation in lead-zinc smelting process and signatures in fluvial sediments. J Hazard Mater 411:125015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu C, Liao S, Wang W, Zhang Y, Yang T, Fan H, Wen H (2018) Variations in Zn and S isotope chemistry of sedimentary sphalerite, Wusihe Zn-Pb deposit, Sichuan Province, China. Ore Geol Rev 95:639–648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Žibret G, Šajn R (2008) Modelling of atmospheric dispersion of heavy metals in the Celje area Slovenia. J Geochem Explor 97(1):29–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by “Development of source identification and apportionment methods for toxic substances in marine environments”, program of Korea institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion (KIMST) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (KIMST-20220534). This work was also supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2022R1A2C10092951231482092640102) and by “Research on water and sediment quality at the upstream region of Andong Dam (II)” funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea

    Dong-** Joe & Man-Sik Choi

  2. Environmental Human Research & Consulting (EHR&C), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea

    Jong-Hyeon Lee

  3. Marine Environment Research Institute, OCEANIC C&T Co., Ltd, Seoul, 07207, Republic of Korea

    Chan-Kook Kim

  4. Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation, Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea

    Min-Seok Choi

  5. Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea

    Hyung-Seon Shin

Authors
  1. Dong-** Joe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Man-Sik Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jong-Hyeon Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chan-Kook Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Min-Seok Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hyung-Seon Shin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Dong-** Joe: Investigation, Original draft, Visualization.

Man-Sik Choi: Supervision, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Writing – review & editing.

Jong-Hyeon Lee: Funding acquisition, Methodology, Validation.

Chan-Kook Kim: Investigation, Methodology, Resources.

Min-Seok Choi: Investigation.

Hyung-Seon Shin: Investigation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Man-Sik Choi.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Luke Mosley

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 13531 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Joe, DJ., Choi, MS., Lee, JH. et al. Discrimination of metal contaminant sources in river sediments influenced by mining and smelting activities using stable Pb and Zn isotopes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 20521–20533 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32508-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32508-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation