Abstract
Contamination of water by toxic dyes is a serious environmental problem. Adsorbents prepared by an environmentally safe route have stood out for application in pollutant removal. Herein, iron oxide–based nanomaterial composed of Fe(III)-OOH and Fe(II/III) bound to proanthocyanidins, with particles in the order of 20 nm, was prepared by green synthesis assisted by extract of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) berry seeds from an agro-industrial residue. The nanomaterial was applied in the adsorption of cationic dyes. Screening tests were carried out for methylene blue (MB), resulting in an outstanding maximum adsorption capacity of 531.8 mg g−1 at 343 K, pH 10, 180 min. The kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model and the isotherm of Fritz-Schülnder provided the best fit. Thermodynamic data show an endothermic process with entropy increase, typical of chemisorption. The proposed mechanism is based on the multilayer formation over a heterogeneous adsorbent surface, with chemical and electrostatic interactions of MB with the iron oxide nanoparticles and with the proanthocyanidins. The high adsorption efficiency was attributed to the network formed by the polymeric proanthocyanidins that entangled and protected the iron oxide nanoparticles, which allowed the reuse of the nanomaterial for seven cycles without loss of adsorption efficiency.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Laboratório de Cristalografia e Difração de Raio-X (CBPF), LACES (UFRJ) for thermogravimetric analyses, and Laboratório Multiusuário de Caracterização de Materiais for zeta potential measurements (LAMATE-UFF).
Funding
This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq [PQ-2/2021: 316550/2021-3], Fundação Carlos Chagas de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ [JCNE 2018: E-26/203.023/2018; JCNE 2019: E-26/202.755/2019; CNE 2021: E-26/200.416/2023; Emergentes 2019: E-26/010.002171/2019; E-26/010.002212/2019; Agrárias 2022: SEI-260003/001750/2023], and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) [Financing code 001].
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Ana P. N. Souza: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, data curation, writing — original draft, visualization. Mariella Alzamora: investigation, formal analysis, writing — review and editing. Dalber R. Sánchez: investigation; formal analysis; writing — review and editing. Marcos V. Colaço: methodology, writing — review and editing. Marcelo A. V. Souza: methodology, writing - review and editing. Jefferson S. Gois: methodology, writing — review and editing. Jaqueline D. Senra: formal analysis; writing — review and editing, supervision. Nakédia M. F. Carvalho: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, resources, writing — review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition.
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De Souza, A.P.N., Sánchez, D.R., Alzamora, M. et al. Outstanding adsorption capacity of iron oxide synthesized with extract of açaí berry residue: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic study for dye removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 109423–109437 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29872-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29872-0