Abstract
Wanfeng Lake, a highland lake in the upper part of the Pearl River Basin, China, has long been disturbed by aquaculture and human activities, resulting in the accumulation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which pose a major threat to humans and animals. In this study, 20 antibiotics, 9 ARGs, 2 mobile genetic elements (intl1 and intl2), and microbial community structure were investigated in Wanfeng Lake. The results of the study showed that the total concentration of antibiotics in surface water was 372.72 ng/L, with ofloxacin (OFX) having the highest concentration (169.48 ng/L), posing a high ecological risk to aquatic organisms. The total concentration of antibiotics in sediments was 235.86 ng/g, with flumequine (FLU) having the highest concentration (122.54 ng/g). This indicates that the main type of antibiotics in Wanfeng Lake are quinolones. QPCR analysis results of the relative abundance of ARGs in both surface water and sediments showed that sulfonamide resistance genes > macrolide resistance genes > tetracycline resistance genes > quinolone resistance genes, indicating that sulfonamide resistance genes were the dominant type. The metagenomic results showed that the predominant microorganisms in the sediment under the phylum level were Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, and Chloroflexi. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a significantly positive correlation between antibiotics and environmental factors with ARGs in Wanfeng Lake and a significant positive correlation between antibiotics and ARGs with microorganisms in sediments. This suggests that there is a potential pressure of antibiotics on ARGs, while microorganisms provide the driving force for the evolution and spread of ARGs. This study provides a basis for further research on the occurrence and spread of antibiotics and ARGs in Wanfeng Lake.
Graphical Abstract
A total of 14 antibiotics were detected in surface water and sediments. OFX poses a high ecological risk in all points of surface water. Antibiotics and ARGs were significantly positively correlated in Wanfeng Lake. Antibiotics and ARGs in sediments were positively correlated with microorganisms
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The authors declare that [the/all other] data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and its supplementary information files].
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This study is grateful to all reviewers for their valuable comments on the article, and to everyone who funded the research.
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This research has been supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guizhou Province (No. (QKZYD [2022]4022), [2020]1Z051 and QKHJC-ZK[2022]YB102).
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Yuntao Zhang: conceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft. Jiang Li: supervision, writing—review and editing, funding acquisition, project administration. Tianyu Wu: data curation and writing—reviewing. Kai Ma: sample analysis. Zhentao Cheng: methodology. Qianwen Yi: data curation. Yongheng Dai: software. Bin Wang: writing—reviewing and editing. Yu Chen: writing—reviewing and editing. Bin Wang: writing—reviewing and editing. **a Hu: investigation. Aijiang Yang: Investigation. Qi Yang: investigation. **ong Zhong: investigation.
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Zhang, Y., Li, J., Wu, T. et al. Characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes and microbial community distribution in Wanfeng Lake, upper Pearl River, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 83214–83230 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28158-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28158-9