Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles surrounded with a silica shell are useful materials to immobilize active agents on their surface. Here, a heteropolyacid-functionalized hybrid nanomaterial (NiFe2O4@SiO2-DETA@POM) was prepared and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction patterns (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and the electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The synthesized hybrid nanostructure was used as a solid nanocatalyst in oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of real fuel and simulated gasoline samples. The ODS process of benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) as model compounds in the presence of NiFe2O4@SiO2-DETA@POM and by using urea-hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid as a safer oxidizing agent was investigated. A good result was obtained by removing 97% of benzothiophene and 98% of dibenzothiophene. Also, 96% of the sulfur compounds were eliminated when the ODS process was tested on a real crude oil sample (600 ppm) under an optimized dosage of nanocatalyst, urea-hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid (0.1 g, 1 g/4 ml) at 50 ºC for 60 min. NiFe2O4@SiO2-DETA@POM could be recycled for five consecutive oxidation runs without significant deterioration in its catalytic activity. The UHP’s safety and efficiency as an oxidant, high removal efficacy, short transformation times, easy workup procedure, catalyst reusability, simple separation of nanocatalyst, green conditions, and environmental compatibility and sustainability. The obtained results prove that NiFe2O4@SiO2-DETA@POM is a suitable and efficient hybrid catalyst for the oxidative desulfurization of simulated and real fuels.
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The authors acknowledge the financial support of this work by the Research Council of Arak University.
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M.A Bodaghifard conceived, planned, and supervised the project. P. Bayat carried out the experiments and analyses. M. Hamidinasab advised the project and wrote the manuscript with support from M.A. Bodaghifard. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. M.A. Bodaghifard revised the final version of the manuscript.
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Bodaghifard, M.A., Hamidinasab, M. & Bayat, P. Deep oxidative desulfurization of simulated and real gas oils by NiFe2O4@SiO2-DETA@POM as a retrievable hybrid nanocatalyst. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 57821–57832 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26614-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26614-0