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The photocatalytic rate of ZnO supported onto natural zeolite nanoparticles in the photodegradation of an aromatic amine

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Abstract

Aniline and its derivate are critical environmental pollutants, and thus, the introduction of an eco-friendly catalyst for removing them is an important research future. The ZnO supported on the ball-mill prepared clinoptilolite nanoparticles (CNPs) was prepared via an ion-exchange process followed by the calcination process. The amount of loaded ZnO in the ZnO-CNP (CZ) samples varied as 0.54, 0.63, 0.72, and 0.86 meq/g as the Zn(II) concentration in the ion-exchange solution varied from 0.1 to 0.5 M. The ZnO-CNP catalyst was briefly characterized by XRD, FTIR, and DRS techniques. The pHpzc value for the various ZnO-CNPs was about 7.1 that had no change with the ZnO loading. By applying the Scherrer equation on the XRD results, a nano-dimension of about 50 nm was obtained for the catalyst. Bandgap energy of the ZnO-CNP samples was estimated by applying the Kubelka-Munk equation on the DRS reflectance spectra. The value for the CZ2 catalyst was about 3.64 eV. The supported ZnO-CNP sample was then used in the photodegradation of 2,4-dichloroaniline (DCA). Raw zeolite showed a relatively low photocatalytic activity. The degradation efficiency was followed by recording the absorbance of the DCA solution by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The effects of the essential critical operating factors on the degradation efficiency were kinetically studied by applying the Hinshelwood equation to the results. The ZnO-CNP catalyst with 2 w% ZnO showed the best photocatalytic rate in the optimal conditions of 0.75 g/L, CDCA: 15 ppm, and the initial pH: 5.8. Finally, HPLC analysis of the blank and the photodegraded DCA solutions at 180 and 300 min confirmed 74 and 87% of DCA molecules were degraded during these times. The results confirm that supported ZnO onto clinoptilolite caused enhanced photocatalytic activity because the zeolite internal electrical field prevents the e−/h+ recombination.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mohammad Alizadeh and Mohammad Hossein Kazemzadeh for performing instrumental analysis of the samples as experts in laboratory analysis in Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. The authors also thank the university president for supporting this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran

    Fereshteh Iazdani & Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh

Authors
  1. Fereshteh Iazdani
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  2. Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh
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Contributions

Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, software, writing- reviewing and editing, validation, formal analysis, supervision; Fereshteh Iazdani: data curation, writing- original draft, visualization, investigation, resources, investigation.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Iazdani, F., Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, A. The photocatalytic rate of ZnO supported onto natural zeolite nanoparticles in the photodegradation of an aromatic amine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 53314–53327 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14544-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14544-8

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