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Electrochemical Oxidation as Treatment for Contaminated Wastewaters by Carbamazepine: Process Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology

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Abstract

The electrochemical oxidation (ECO) of carbamazepine (CBZ), an antiepileptic drug, has been carried out in this study. A response surface methodology approach (RSM) was used in order to optimize the treatment process for CBZ removal on synthetic effluent. Four different operating parameters (current intensity, treatment time, recycling flow rate, and anode type) were chosen as key factors while a single response (CBZ removal) was considered. In the first part of the study, a factorial design (FD) methodology was carried out in order to evaluate the effects and interactions between the selected factors. Results showed that anode type is the most important parameters affecting CBZ degradation (with 67% of the overall effect) followed by the treatment time, the current intensity, and then the recirculation flow rate. Subsequently, a central composite design (CCD) was conducted in order to optimize the overall process taking into account efficiency (CBZ removal) and energy consumption. The contribution of direct and indirect effects of CBZ electro-oxidation was also investigated. As expected, direct oxidation was the most dominant mechanism during ECO with approximately 66% whereas indirect oxidation contributed with only 12%. Finally, the determined optimal conditions were applied on real pharmaceutical wastewater. Despite the effect matrix, 84% of CBZ was obtained after only 100 min of treatment with 23% of mineralization. Finally, CBZ by-products such as salicylic acid, catechol, and anthranilic have been detected during the oxidation process.

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Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CBZ:

Carbamazepine

CCD:

Central composite design

CF:

Carbon felt

ECO:

Electrochemical oxidation

FD:

Factorial design

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

Gr:

Graphite

LC/MS-MS:

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

RSM:

Response surface methodology

Ti/PbO2 :

Titanium coated with lead oxide

Ti/Pt:

Titanium coated with platinum

TOC:

Total organic carbon

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Quebec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada

    Léa Guitaya, Antonin Azaïs, Patrick Drogui & Jean-François Blais

  2. Institut Européen des Membranes, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugene Bataillon, CC047, 34095, Montpellier, France

    Francois Zaviska

  3. École Supérieure de Technologie, Université Hassan II, KM 7, Route D’El Jadida, Casablanca, Morocco

    Bouchaib Gourich

Authors
  1. Léa Guitaya
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  2. Antonin Azaïs
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  3. Francois Zaviska
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  4. Patrick Drogui
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  5. Jean-François Blais
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  6. Bouchaib Gourich
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Correspondence to Patrick Drogui.

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Guitaya, L., Azaïs, A., Zaviska, F. et al. Electrochemical Oxidation as Treatment for Contaminated Wastewaters by Carbamazepine: Process Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology. Water Air Soil Pollut 228, 384 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3565-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3565-4

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