Abstract
Flooding is a recurrent hazard in east Gangetic plains, largely on account of natural factors that pose risks to life and property. Bagmati and Burhi Gandak rivers draining parts of North Bihar causes substantial flooding owing to higher rainfall. This comprehensive study was carried out to map near real-time flood inundation using multi-temporal Sentinel-1A (SAR) and Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Near Real-Time (MODIS NRT) flood data (Optical and 3-day composite) over Darbhanga district of North Bihar during August and September 2017. Floodwater pixels were extracted using the binarization technique, wherein the threshold was applied as −22.5, −23.4, −23.8 and − 22.7 over VH polarization image. The key results revealed that during peak flooding stage (23rd August), 13% of areas were submerged based on SAR data, whereas overestimation by >20% was estimated using MODIS data. As shown in the composite flood inundated map, the inundated patches are quite similar in both the optical and SAR based data. Notably, there were higher flood patches observed in the central, northern, and western parts of the district due to the presence of more water channels in those regions. Our findings suggested that agriculture patches of ~392 sq.km area were inundated due to flood followed by vegetation clutters (16.07 sq.km) and urban (8.46 sq.km). These results indicated the impact of floodwater on agriculture and urban patches. These findings are crucial for policymakers to assess flood impacts. It can be inferred that flood prognosis using SAR data will lead to spatial accuracy and can be improved when coupling with various hydro-meteorological parameters and hydrological models.
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Acknowledgements
Special thanks goes to Space Application Center (SAC), Ahmedabad, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) for providing research grant under the NISAR-Flood Project code HYD-03). The authors wish to acknowledge the NASA GES/DISC and LP-DAAC for providing for providing satellite-based rainfall products and MODIS NRT Flood product, respectively. We thank Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) for providing station-wise rainfall data.
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This research was funded by SAC-ISRO under NISAR (HYD 03) scheme.
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A.C.P., B.R.P. and A.K. designed the research concept. G.T. performed data analysis and prepared the manuscript. A.C.P., B.R.P. and A.K. edited the manuscript.
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Appendix
Appendix
Daily Rainfall data estimated at IMD station ‘Kamtaul’ located in Darbhanga district during June–September 2017
Daily Rainfall data estimated at IMD station ‘Hayaghat’ located in Darbhanga district during June–September 2017
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Tripathi, G., Pandey, A.C., Parida, B.R. et al. Flood Inundation Map** and Impact Assessment Using Multi-Temporal Optical and SAR Satellite Data: a Case Study of 2017 Flood in Darbhanga District, Bihar, India. Water Resour Manage 34, 1871–1892 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02534-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-020-02534-3