Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine serum lipid, enzyme, and hematological responses of broilers to Acacia angustissima leaf meal. Acacia angustissima leaves were harvested at mid maturity, ground into a leaf meal, and included in broiler diets at 0, 5, and 10%. One hundred and fifty-day-old chicks of 41.7 ± 1.560 g were randomly allocated to 15 groups of the three diets. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the trial. At days 14, 28, and 42, 4 ml of blood were collected from the jugular vein in plain vacutainer tubes for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) analyses. At the end of the experiment, 4 ml of blood were collected from two randomly selected birds of each replicate in sterilized bottles containing ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) for full blood count and packed cell volume assessment. Data was tested for normality and analyzed using the General Linear Model Procedure of SAS version 9.3 (SAS 2010). Comparison of means was done using Tukey’s test. A. angustissima had no effect on serum ALP, AST, LDH, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, full blood count, and packed cell volume. Increasing levels of A. angustissima leaf meal increased the ALT in the serum (p < 0.05) at 4 and 6 weeks. However, serum ALT indices for birds on the control and 5% diet were not different. It was concluded that 5% A. angustissima leaf meal can be included in broiler diets without a negative effect on serum lipid and enzyme profile, production and proportions of white blood cells and packed cell volume.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguilar, Y.M., Yero, O.M., Navarro, M.I.V., Hurteido C.A.B., Lopez, J.A.C. and Mejia, L.B.C., 2011. Effect of squash seed meal (cucurbita Moschata) on broiler performance, sensory meat quality and blood lipid profile. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 13(4), 219–226.
Akpet, S. O., Ibekwe, H. A. and Onyeama, H. P., 2014. Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf meal inclusion on serum activities of hepatic marker enzymes and lipid profile of Anak 2000 broiler chicks. Merit Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 2(12), 161–165.
Ansari, J., Khan, S. H., Haq, A. and Yousaf, A. W., 2012. Effect of the levels of Azadirachta indica dried leaf meal as phytogenic feed additive on the growth performance and haemato-biochemical parameters in broiler chicks. Journal of Applied Animal Research 40 (4), 336–345.
AOAC., 1990. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th edition, Washington DC, USA.
Bashar, Y. A., Tukur, H. M., Sekani, A. A. and Hosson, W. A., 2010. Nutrient Retention and Hematological indices of broiler starters fed lablab seed meals as the source of protein. Nigerian Journal of Basic Applied Science, 18(2), 285–291.
Benson, H. J, Gunstream, S. E. and Talaro, K. P., 1989. Anatomy and physiology laboratory text, Win. C. Brown Publisher, Dubque, IOWA.
Blann, A., Knight, G. and Moore, G., 2010. Hematology, 1st edition, Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
Dzowela, B. H., Hove, L., Maasdorp, B. and Mafongoya, P. L. 1997. Recent work on the establishment, production and utilization of multipurpose trees as a feed resource in Zimbabwe. Animal Feed Science and Technology 69(1–3), 1–15.
Ekenyem, B. U. and Madubuike, F. N., 2007. Hematology and serum biochemisty of grower pigs fed varying levels of Ipomoea asarifolia leaf meal, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 6(6), 603–606.
Elagib, H. A. A. and Ahmed, A. D. A., 2011. Comparative Study on Hematological Values of Blood of Indigenous Chickens in Sudan, Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 5, 41–45.
Emiola, I. A., Ojediran, T. K. and Ajayi, J. A., 2013. Biochemical and hematological indices of broiler chickens fed differently processed legume seed meals, International Journal of Applied Agriculture and Apicultural Research, (1 and 2), 140–149.
Etim, N. A. N., Akpabio, U., Okpongete, R. O. and Offiong, E. E. A., 2014. Do diets affect hematological Parameters of poultry?, British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4(13), 1952–1965.
Fasuji, A. O. and Aletor, V. A., 2005. Protein replacement value of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Cratz) leaf protein concentrate (CLPC), in broiler starter: effect on performance, muscle growth, hematology and serum metabolites, International Journal of Poultry Science, 4(5), 339–349.
Giannini, E. G., Testa, R. and Savarino, V., 2005. Liver enzyme alteration: A guide for clinicians, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172(3), 367–379.
Gusha, J., Ngongoni, N. T. and Halimani, T. E., 2013. Nutritional composition and effective degradability of four forage trees grown for protein supplementation, Online Journal of Animal Feed Research, 3(4), 170–175.
Haile, Y. and Chanie, M., 2014. Comparative aspects of clinical hematology of birds: A review, British Journal of Poultry Science, 3(3), 88–95.
Hassan, H. M. A., El-Moniary, M. M., Hamouda, Y., El-Daly, E. F., Youssef, A. W. and El-Azeem N. A. A., 2016. Effect of different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves meal on productive performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chicks reared under heat stress conditions, Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11, 60–66.
Hove, L., Chakoma, C. and Nyathi, P., 1999. The potential of tree legume leaves as supplements in diets for ruminants in Zimbabwe, In: Strategies for dry season feeding of animals in central and southern Africa, FAO Corporate Repository.
Kaufamn, J., 1996. Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals, 1st edition. Library of Congress, Washington D.C, USA.
Kudair, I. M., and Al-Hussary, N. A. J., 2010. Effect of vaccination on some biochemical parameters in broiler chickens, Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Science, 24, 59–64.
Madubuike, F. N. and Ekenyem, B. U., 2006. Hematology and serum biochemistry characteristics of broiler chicks fed varying dietary levels of Ipomoea asarifolia leaf meal, International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(1), 09–12.
McSweeney, C. S., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P., Palmer, B. and Krause, D. O., 2005. Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in-vitro digestibility, Animal Feed Science and Technology 12(1–2), 175–190.
Melesse, A., Getye, Y., Berihum, K. and Banerjee, S., 2013. Effect of feeding graded levels of Moringa stenopelata leaf meal on growth performance, carcass traits and some serum biochemical parameters of Koekoek chickens, Livestock Science, 157(2–3), 498–505.
Mukandiwa, L., Mugabe, P. H., Halimani, T. E. and Hamudikuwanda, H., 2010. A note on the effect of supplementing rangeland grazing with Acacia angustissima mixed with pearl millet on growth performance of goats in a smallholder farming area in Zimbabwe. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22(9).
Ncube, S., Hamudikuwanda, H. and Banda, P., 2012a. The potential of Acacia angustissima leaf meal as a supplementary feed source in broiler finisher diets, International Journal of Poultry Science, 11 (1), 55–60.
Ncube, S., Hamudikuwanda, H. and Saidi, P. T., 2012b. Carcass yield and characteristics in broilers fed Acacia angustissima leaf meal-based diets, Journal of Zimbabwe Studies, Science, Technology and Health, 1(1), 72–78.
Ncube, S., Saidi, P. T. and Halimani, T. E., 2015. Effect of stage of growth and processing methods on the nutritional content of Acacia angustissima leaf meal harvested for broiler feeding. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(89).
Obikaonu, H. O., Okoli, I. C., Opara, M. M, Okoro, V. M. O., Ogbuewu, I. P., Etuk, E. B. and Udedibie, A.B.I., 2012. Hematological and serum biochemical indices of starter broilers fed leaf meal of neem (Azadirachta indica). Journal of Agricultural Technology, 8(1), 71–79.
Ochei, J., and Kolhatkar, A., 2008. Medical Laboratory Science: Theory and Practise, 10th edition, Tata Mcgraw-Hill publishing company ltd, Noida, India.
Odenyo, A. A., Osuji, P. O., Reed, J. D., Smith, A. H., Mackie, R. I., McSweeney, C. S. and Hanson, J., 2003. Acacia angustissima: Its anti-nutrients, constituents, toxicity and possible mechanism to alleviate the tocixity-A short review, Agroforestry Systems, 59, 141–147.
Ojo, R. J., Oguche, P. I., Kube, G. D. and Udzer, T. E., 2013. Effect of Jatropha curcas supplemented diet on broilers, Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences, 1(6), 329–336.
Ologhobo, A.D., Adejumo, I. O. and Akange, E. I., 2013. Comparison of effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal and oxytetracycline on hematology and serum biochemical profile of broiler finisher. International Blood Research Review, 2(1), 29–36.
Olugbemi, T. S., Mutayoba, S. K., Lekule, F. P., 2010. Effect of moringa (moringa oleifera) inclusion in cassava based diets fed to broiler chickens, International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(4), 363–367.
Onasanya, G.O., Oke, F.O., Sanni, T.M. and Muhammad, A.I., 2015. Parameters influencing hematology, serum and biochemical references in livestock Animals under different management systems, Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 5, 181–189.
Porter, L. J., Hrstich, L. N. and Chan B. G., 1986. The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyaniding and delphinidin, Phytochemistry, 25, 223–230.
Reed, J. D., Girmal, G. M., Robinson, C. J., Honson, J., Odenyo and Treichel, P. M., 2001. Acetyldiaminobutonoic acid, a potential lathyrogenic amino acid in leaves of Acacia angustissima, Journal of Science and Food Agriculture, 81(15), 1481–1486.
Ritchie, B. W., Harrison, G. J. and Harrison, L. R., 1994. Avian Medicine: Principles and application, Wingers Publishing Inc, Lakeworth, Florida, USA.
Rubanza, C. D., Shem, M. N., Bakengesa, S. S., Ichinobe, T. and Fujihara, T., 2007. The content of protein, fiber and minerals of leaves of selected Acacia species indigenous to North western Tanzania. Archive of Animal Nutrition, 61(2), 151–6.
Saka, W. A., Akhigbe, R. E., Azeez, O. M. and Babatunde, T. R., 2011. Effects of Pyrethroid insecticide exposure on hematological and hemostatic profiles in rats, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 14(22), 1024–1027.
Statistical Analysis System., 2010. SAS/ STAT User’s guide, Release 9.1. SAS Institute Inc.: Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Tohala, S.H., 2010. The relationship between lipid profile and performance of broilers fed two types of finisher diets. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 24(2), 87–91
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
All procedures in this experiment followed guidelines by the Zimbabwe Scientific Animal Act, 1963, subsection 2 of section 4, License Number L624.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ncube, S., Saidi, P.T., Tivapasi, M.T. et al. Serum lipid, enzyme, and hematological responses of broilers fed Acacia angustissima leaf meal-based diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 50, 665–670 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1484-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1484-4