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Research streams and open challenges in the metaverse

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Abstract

The metaverse is seen as a future generation of the Internet in which the virtual and the real merge into a common world. Technologies such as IoT, cloud computing, artificial intelligence or the reality–virtuality continuum underpin the metaverse and condition its evolution. This paper presents a bibliometric study on the WoS database (from 1995 to 2022) to obtain a comprehensive and non-subjective understanding of the metaverse. The study identifies the main subject areas and sources, the leading countries and authors. It also analyzes the evolution over time and the core and future research themes. Extended reality, blockchain, artificial intelligence and sensors are identified as core themes, while building information modeling, digital twins and governance emerge as future themes. Based on the bibliometric study, a general layered metaverse architecture is proposed that streamlines open challenges in the metaverse to assist researchers and companies in introducing innovative and disruptive improvements.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Notes

  1. https://www.apple.com/apple-vision-pro/.

  2. https://one-rare-test.onrender.com/.

  3. https://www.roblox.com/.

  4. https://store.epicgames.com/.

  5. https://decentraland.org/.

  6. https://2045.com, a non-profit organization that aims to extend humans’ lifespan.

  7. http://www.secondlife.com.

  8. https://neuralink.com/.

  9. The atmospheric describes “the effort to design buying environments to produce specific emotional effects in the buyer that enhance his (/her) purchase probability” such as “the place”, music, layout, color, lighting levels, odors, and product display.

  10. https://neuralink.com/about/.

  11. https://www.minecraft.net/.

  12. https://www.roblox.com/.

  13. https://civilmaps.com/.

  14. General Data Protection Regulation:https://gdpr-info.eu/.

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Funding

This work has been funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), “A way to make Europe” (ref. PID2021-123627OB-C52). And funded by the Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha for Consolidated Research Groups.

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  1. Department of Computing Systems, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avd. Universidad s/n, 02071, Albacete, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain

    Carmen Carrión

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Appendix A: List of abbreviations

Appendix A: List of abbreviations

List of main acronyms in Table 12.

Table 12 List of abbreviations
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Carrión, C. Research streams and open challenges in the metaverse. J Supercomput 80, 1598–1639 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-023-05544-1

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