SpringerLink
Log in

Interactions and physical properties of energetic poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketones) (PPESKs) and ε-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-CL-20) based polymer bonded explosives: a molecular dynamics simulations

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Structural Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) crystal, seven designed energetic poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketones) (PPESKs) and PPESKs/ε-CL-20 polymer–bonded explosives (PBXs). Cohesive energy density (CED) and solubility parameters (δ) were predicted for PBXs, the results indicated that stability of PBXs are related to their cohesive energy density (CED). Mechanical properties of seven polymer-bonded explosives (PPESKs/ε-CL-20) were found improved in comparison with that of ε-CL-20 by adding polymer binders. Young’s modulus (E), Shear modulus (G), and Bulk modulus (K) declined compare with ε-CL-20. K/G ratio and Cauchy pressure C12-C44 of PBXs indicate that they have certain ductility. Radial distribution function (RDF) was utilized for analyzing the interactions between PPESKs and ε-CL-20, and results demonstrate that hydrogen bond and van der Waals interactions exist between polymers and ε-CL-20. The calculated oxygen balance of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) is lower than that of pure ε-CL-20 by nearly about − 24%. Detonation properties of the polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) were predicted based on ε-CL-20 values. Detonation velocity (D) for these PBXs was predicted almost at about 8300 m s−1, and the detonation pressure (P) for these PBXs was all predicted nearly at 38 GPa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig 1
Scheme 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Shu YJ, Huo JC (2011) Theory of explosives. Chemical Industry, Bei**g

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ou YX, Liu JQ (2005) High energy density compounds. National Defense Industry, Bei**g

    Google Scholar 

  3. Klapöke TM (2007) High energy density materials. Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Foltz MF (1994) Thermal stability of ε-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane in an estane formulation. Propell Explos Pyrot 19:63–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Foltz MF, Coon CL, Garcia F, Nichols III AL (1994) The thermal stability of the polymorphs of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, part II. Propell Explos Pyrot 19:133–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang Y, Song XL, Song D, Jiang W, Liu HY, Li FS (2013) A versatile methodology using sol-gel, supercritical extraction, and etching to fabricate a nitramine explosive: nanometer HNIW. J Energ Mater 31:49–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Li J, Brill TM (2007) Kinetics of solid polymorphic phase transitions of CL-20. Propell Explos Pyrot 32(4):326–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Simpson RL, Urtiew PA, Ornellas DL, Moody GL, Scribner KJ, Hoffman DM (1997) CL-20 performance exceeds that of HMX and its sensitivity is moderate. Propell Explos Pyrot 22:249–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ghosh M, Venkatesan V, Mandav S, Banerjee S, Sikder N, Sikder AK, Bhattacharya B (2014) Probing crystal growth of ε- and α-CL-20 polymorphs via metastable phase transition using microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. Cryst Growth Des 14:5053–5063

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wei XF, Xu JJ, Li HZ, Long XP, Zhang CY (2016) Comparative study of experiments and calculations on the polymorphisms of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) precipitated by solvent/antisolvent method. J Phys Chem C 120:5042–5051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Millar DIA, Maynard-Casely HE, Kleppe AK, Marshall WG, Pulham CR, Cumming AS (2010) Putting the squeeze on energetic materials-structural characterization of a high-pressure phase of CL-20. Cryst Eng Comm 12:2524–2527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhao XQ, Shi NC (1995) Crystal structure of ε-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane. Chin Sci Bull 40:2158–2160

  13. Bolton O, Matzger AJ (2011) Improved stability and smart-material functionality realized in an energetic cocrystal. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:8960–8963

  14. Doblas D, Rosenthal M, Burghammer M, Chernyshov D, Spitzer D, Ivanov DA (2016) Smart energetic nanosized co-crystals: exploring fast structure formation and decomposition. Cryst Growth Des 16:432−439

  15. Yan QL, Zeman S,Zhao FQ, Elbeih A (2013) Non-isothermal analysis of C4 bonded explosives containing different cyclic nitramines. Thermochim Acta 556:6−12

  16. Yan QL, Zeman S, Elbeih A (2013) Thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of viton A bonded explosives containing attractive cyclic nitramines. Thermochim Acta 562:56−64

  17. Yan QL, Zeman S, Zhang TL, Elbeih A (2013) Non-isothermal decomposition behavior of fluorel bonded explosives containing attractive cyclic nitramines. Thermochim Acta 574:10−18

  18. Li HR, Shu YJ, Gao SJ, Chen L, Ma Q, Ju XH (2013) Easy methods to study the smart energetic TNT/CL-20 co-crystal. J Mol Model 19:4909–4917

  19. Sun T, Liu Q,**ao JJ, Zhao F, **ao HM (2014) Molecular dynamics simulation of interface interactions and mechanical properties of CL-20/HMX cocrystal and its based PBXs. Acta Chim Sinica 72:1036–1042

  20. Han G, Li QF, Gou RJ, Zhang SH, Ren FD, Guan R(2017) Growth morphology of CL-20/HMX cocrystal explosive: insights from solvent behavior under different temperatures. J Mol Model 23:360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wu ZK, Shu YJ et al. (2016) Molecular dynamics simulation of CL-20/FOX-7 co-crystal. insights from solvent behavior under different temperatures. Chin J Expl Propell 39(3):37–42

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zhu SF, Zhang SH, Gou RJ, Han G, Wu CL (2017) Theoretical investigation of the effects of the molar ratio and solvent on the formation of the pyrazole–nitroamine cocrystal explosive 3,4-dinitropyrazole (DNP)/2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). J Mol Model 23:353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Asay BW (2009) Non-Shock initiation of explosives. Springer, Berlin

  24. Lundberg AW (1996) High Explosives in stockpile surveillance indicate constancy. Science & Technology Review (December):13–17

  25. Zeman S, Elbeih A,Yan QL (2013) Note on the use of the vacuum stability test in the study of initiation reactivity of attractive cyclic nitramines in the P1 Matrix. J Therm Anal Calorim 111:1503−1506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zeman S, Elbeih A, Yan QL (2013) Note on the use of the vacuum stability test in the study of initiation reactivity of attractive cyclic nitramines in the C4 Matrix. J Therm Anal Calorim 112:433−1437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yuan LL, **ao JJ, Zhao F, **ao HM (2016) Molecular dynamics simulation of composites formed with e-CL-20 and PVA, PEG on different crystalline surfaces. Chin J Energ Mater 2:124–128

    Google Scholar 

  28.  Tao J, Wang XF,Zhao SX, Wang CL, Diao XQ, Han ZX (2015) Simulation and calculation for binding energy and mechanical properties of e-CL-20/energetic polymer binder mixed system. Chin J Energ Mater 4:315–322

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wang JY, Jian XG (2016) Applications of high performance phthalazinone-containing pesins in insulating materials. Insulating Materials 49(10):17–23

    Google Scholar 

  30. Liu C, Jian XG (2011) Recent progress in thermoplastic composites based on poly(aryl ether)s containing phthalazinone moiety. Chin Polym Bull 9:52–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Jian XG, Liao GX, Wang JY (2002) Research progress of poly-(arylene ether ketone)s and poly(arylene ether sulfone)s containing phthalazinone moieties. China Plastics 16:11–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wang JY, Jian XG (2011) Progress on synthesis of heterocyclic polymers containing phthalazinone moiety and the relationship of their structure and properties. Chin Polym Bull 9:22–34

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wang K, Shu YJ et al. (2017) Molecular dynamics simulations for performance of PPESK and PPESK/ε-CL-20 composite system. Chin J Expl Propell 40(4):38–43

    Google Scholar 

  34. Shu Y, Wang DT et al. (2018) Molecular dynamics simulation on the physical properties of the novel designed poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK). Comp Mater Sci 152:158–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35.  Shu Y, Yi Y et al. (2017) Interactions between poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) and TNT or TATB in polymer bonded explosives: a molecular dynamic simulation study. J Mol Model 23:334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Xu XJ, **ao HM, **ao JJ, Zhu W, Huang H, Li JS (2006) Molecular dynamics simulations for pure ε-CL20 and ε-CL20-based PBXs. J Phys Chem B 110:7203–7207

  37. Accelrys Software Inc Materials Studio Accelrys Software Inc San Diego

  38. Akkermans RLC, Spenley NA, Robertson SH (2013) Monte Carlo codes, tools and algorithms Monte Carlo methods in materials studio. Mol Simulat 39:1153–1164

  39. Andersen HC (1980) Molecular dynamics simulations at constant pressure and /or temperature. J Chem Phys 72:2384–2393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Berendsen HJC, Postma JPM, Gunsteren WF, DiNola A, Haak JR (1984) Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath. J Chem Phys 81:3684–3690

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Allen MP, Tildesley DJ (1983) Computer simulation of liquids. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  42. Sun H (1998) COMPASS: an ab initio force-field optimized for condensed-phase applications overview with details on alkane and benzene compounds. J Phys Chem B 102:7338–7364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43.  Liu N, Zeman S, Shu YJ, Wu ZK, Wang BZ, Shi WY (2016) Comparative study of melting points of 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan (DNTF)/1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) eutectic compositions using molecular dynamic simulations. RSC Adv 6:59141–59149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lu YY, Shu YJ et al. (2018) Molecular dynamics simulations on ε-CL-20-based PBXs with added GAP and its derivative polymers. RSC Adv 8:4955–4962

  45. Abboud JLM, Notario R (1999) Critical compilation of scales of solvent parameters. Part I. pure, non-hydrogen bond donor solvents-technical report. Pure Appl Chem 71:645–718

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Xu XJ, **ao HM, Ju XH, Gong XD (2005) Theoretical study on pyrolysis mechanism for ε-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane. Chin J Org Chem 5:536–539

    Google Scholar 

  47. Qiu L, Zhu WH, **ao JJ, Zhu W, **ao HM, Huang H, Li JS (2007) Molecular dynamics simulations of trans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin-based polymer-bonded explosives. J Phys Chem B 111:1559–1566

  48. Watt JP, Davies GF, O'Connell RJ (1976) The elastic properties of composite materials. Rev Geophys Space Phys 14:541–563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Weiner JH, Milstein F (1983) Statistical mechanics of elasticity. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  50.  Landau LD, Lifshitz EM (1986) Theory of elasticity. Pergamon, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  51. Rudolf M, Köhler J, Homburg DIA (2007) Explosives, 6th Ed. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  52. Zhang HS (1982) Oxygen balance of the organic elements explosives. Acta Armamentarh 2:61–63

    Google Scholar 

  53. Wu X (1985) Simple method for calculating detonation parameters of explosives. Chin J Energ Mater 3:263–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kamlet MJ, Jacobs SJ (1968) Chemistry of detonations I. A simple method for calculating detonation properties of C-H-N-O explosives. J Chem Phys 48:23–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Keshavarz MH, Motamedoshariati H, Moghayadnia R, Nazari HR, Azarniamehraban J (2009) A new computer code to evaluate detonation performance of high explosives and their thermochemical properties, part I. J Hazard Mater 172:1218–1228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Duan M, Xu GG, Wang YZ (1992) The detonation model and calculation of mixed explosives. Blasting 1:26–28

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hang GY, Yu WL, Wang T, Wang JT, Li Z (2017) Theoretical insights into the effects of molar ratios on stabilities, mechanical properties, and detonation performance of CL-20/HMX cocrystal explosives by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Model 23:30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Zeman S (2007) Sensitivities of high energy compounds. Struct Bonding 125:195–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Storm CB, Stine JR, Kramer JF (1990) Sensitivity relationships in energetic materials, chemistry and physics of energetic materials. Kluwer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pepekin VI, Korsunskii BL, Denisaev AA (2008) Initiation of solid explosives by mechanical impact. Combust Explos Shock Waves 44:586–590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Pospišil M, Vavra P, Concha MC, Murray JS, Politzer P (2011) Sensitivity and the available free space per molecule in the unit cell. J Mol Model 17:2569–2574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Politzer P, Murray JS (2014) Impact sensitivity and crystal lattice compressibility/free space. J Mol Model 20:2223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Murray JS, Lane P, Politzer P (1998) Effects of strongly electron-attracting components on molecular surface electrostatic potentials: application to predicting impact sensitivities of energetic molecules. Mol Phys 93:187–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Politzer P, Murray JS (2016) High performance, low sensitivity: conflicting or compatible? Propell Explos Pyrot 41:414–425

Download references

Funding

Authors appreciate the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 21673018 and 21703168), Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (2016201604030043, China), and Sichuan University of Science and Engineering (2017RCL44).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bei**g Institute of Technology, Bei**g, 100081, China

    Yao Shu & Shaowen Zhang

  2. **’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, **’an, 710065, Shaanxi, China

    Yuanjie Shu & Ning Liu

  3. Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China

    Yong Yi & Jichuan Huo

  4. Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, Sichuan, China

    **aoyong Ding

Authors
  1. Yao Shu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shaowen Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuanjie Shu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ning Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yong Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jichuan Huo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. **aoyong Ding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shaowen Zhang or Yuanjie Shu.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 2503 kb)

ESM 2

(ZIP 7379 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shu, Y., Zhang, S., Shu, Y. et al. Interactions and physical properties of energetic poly-(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketones) (PPESKs) and ε-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-CL-20) based polymer bonded explosives: a molecular dynamics simulations. Struct Chem 30, 1041–1055 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-018-1225-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-018-1225-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation