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LIN7 Cell-Wall Invertase Orthologs in Cultivated and Wild Tomatoes (Solanum Section Lycopersicon)

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Abstract

Plant acid invertases are considered to be the key enzymes in sucrose unloading and carbohydrate supply to sink tissues. Acid cell-wall invertases control sucrose transport via the apoplastic pathway during sink initiation and expansion. In this study, we identified 12 LIN7 gene homologs encoding cell-wall invertases in red- and green-fruited tomato accessions (Solanum section Lycopersicon) of self-compatible and self-incompatible species. All genes consisted of six exons and five introns, including highly conserved 9-bp exon II. Identification of 226 exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms as well as extremely high intron variability indicates a significant interspecific divergence among the examined tomato accessions. Computational prediction revealed protein structure typical for the glycosyl hydrolase family 32 and conserved catalytic sites described for other plant cell-wall invertases. LIN7 expression in mature buds and flowers confirms LIN7 role in the development of pollen tubes and grains. The variability in gene and protein sequences and species-specific differences in LIN7 expression patterns may be responsible for putative functional divergence of invertases. Furthermore, we performed phylogenetic analysis of the Solanum section Lycopersicon species based on the LIN7 gene, which clearly divided the analyzed tomato accessions into two main clusters corresponding to self-compatible and self-incompatible species and was in agreement with the separation into red- and green-fruited plants. Given that LIN7 plays an essential role in tomato fertility and fruit ripening, the characterization of protein variability within species of section Lycopersicon may be useful to evaluate the potential application of the encoding genes for tomato breeding programs.

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Abbreviations

CWIN:

Cell-wall invertase

GH32:

Glycoside hydrolase family 32

MG:

Mature green

pI:

Isoelectric point

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative RT-PCR

RF:

Ripe fruit

SC:

Self-compatible

SI:

Self-incompatible

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

VIN:

Vacuolar invertase

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by grants from the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (FASO Russia: no. 0104-2014-0210; CPSR “Potato breeding and seed production”) and was performed using the experimental climate control facility located in the Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, Moscow, 119071, Russia

    M. A. Slugina, A. V. Shchennikova & E. Z. Kochieva

  2. Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia

    M. A. Slugina & E. Z. Kochieva

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  1. M. A. Slugina
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  2. A. V. Shchennikova
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  3. E. Z. Kochieva
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Contributions

EZK conceived and designed the research. MAS conducted the experiments and performed gene cloning, phylogenetic reconstructions, variability analyses, and expression pattern determination. AVS contributed to in silico analyses. EZK, MAS, and AVS wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to M. A. Slugina.

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Key Message

Genes of LIN7 cell-wall invertase were identified in 12 Solanum section Lycopersicon accessions. Comparison of the LIN7 structure, polymorphism, phylogeny, and expression suggests conserved LIN7 role in pollen development.

Electronic Supplementary Material

ESM 1

Supplementary Figs. S1-S3 ‘Alignment of LIN7 sequences from analyzed wild and cultivated tomato accessions compared to S. lycopersicum cv. Heinz sequences: S1 – LIN7 genomic sequences alignment; S2 – LIN7 cDNA sequences alignment; S3 – LIN7 amino acid sequences alignment’. Supplementary Tables S1, S2 ‘List of primers used for LIN7 genes amplification, sequencing, and expression analysis (S1); The significance (p-value) of qRT-PCR results within tissue between pairs of tomato species (S2)’ (XLS) (XLS 1322 kb)

ESM 2

Supplementary Figs. S4–S8 ‘Evolutionary relationships of Solanum section Lycopersicon taxa: S4 The evolutionary history of Solanum section Lycopersicon taxa based on LIN7 homologous gene sequences was inferred using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Jukes-Cantor model; S5 The evolutionary history of Solanum section Lycopersicon taxa based on LIN7 homologous gene sequences was inferred using the Minimum Evolution method. S6 The evolutionary history of Solanum section Lycopersicon taxa based on LIN7 orthologues sequences was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. S7 The evolutionary history of Solanum section Lycopersicon taxa based on LIN7 orthologues sequences was inferred using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Jukes-Cantor model. S8 The evolutionary history of Solanum section Lycopersicon taxa based on LIN7 orthologues sequences was inferred using the Minimum Evolution method’ (PDF) (PDF 548 kb)

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Slugina, M.A., Shchennikova, A.V. & Kochieva, E.Z. LIN7 Cell-Wall Invertase Orthologs in Cultivated and Wild Tomatoes (Solanum Section Lycopersicon). Plant Mol Biol Rep 36, 195–209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-018-1071-5

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