Abstract
The rise in viral infections has presented a multitude of public health concerns on a global scale, including the emergence of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. The emergence of drug-resistant virus strains has underscored the paramount importance of expedited research in the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. It has led to a surge in interest in the potential application of essential oils (EOs) as antiviral agents, owing to their noteworthy antiviral efficacy. A considerable number of EOs and their components have demonstrated promising antiviral activities in vitro and in vivo research. This review provided an overview of the various aspects of EOs inhibiting viruses, including plant sources, the different delivery methods, current challenges and strategies for develo** drugs, and in-depth discussions on the relevant mechanisms. It concisely explores the antiviral mechanisms of EOs, ranging from molecular docking simulations to in-depth cellular, animal, and human studies. EOs demonstrate antiviral potential by inhibiting viral proteins, disrupting replication, and modulating host cellular functions, immune responses, and nervous system interactions. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and pharmaceutical entities, offering insights and references that advance the antiviral research and innovative drug development utilizing plant-derived essential oils.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelli I, Hassani F, Bekkel Brikci S et al (2020) In silico study the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor of COVID-19 by Ammoides verticillata components harvested from Western Algeria. J Biomol Struct Dyn 39:3263–3276. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1763199
Allahverdiyev A, Duran N, Ozguven M et al (2004) Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2. Phytomedicine 11:657–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.07.014
Amparo TR, Seibert JB, Silveira BM et al (2021) Brazilian essential oils as source for the discovery of new anti-COVID-19 drug: a review guided by in silico study. Phytochem Rev 20:1013–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09754-4
Anderson S, Atkins P, Bäckman P et al (2022) Inhaled medicines: past, present, and future. Pharmacol Rev 74:48–118. https://doi.org/10.1124/pharmrev.120.000108
Angourani HR, Zarei A, Moghadam MM et al (2023) Investigation on the essential oils of the Achillea Species: from chemical analysis to the in silico uptake against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Life 13:378. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020378
Anjum J, Mitra S, Das R et al (2022) A renewed concept on the MAPK signaling pathway in cancers: polyphenols as a choice of therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 184:106398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106398
Astani A, Reichling J, Schnitzler P (2011) Screening for antiviral activities of isolated compounds from essential oils. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2011:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep187
Bahgat DM, Gad HA, Al Sayed E et al (2023) Essential oil of Cestrum diurnum L.: GC/MS analysis, in vitro and in silico anti-HCoV-229E effects and inhibitory activity against LPS-induced inflammation. Chem Biodivers 20(4):e202201045. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202201045
Bahl AS, Verma VK, Bhatia J et al (2022) Integrating in silico and in vivo approach for investigating the role of polyherbal oil in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. Chem-Biol Interact 367:110179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110179
Batiha GE, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG et al (2020) Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological activities. Biomolecules 10(2):202. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020202
Battistini R, Rossini I, Ercolini C et al (2019) Antiviral activity of essential oils against hepatitis A virus in soft fruits. Food Environ Virol 11:90–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-019-09367-3
Bezić N, Vuko E, Dunkić V et al (2011) Antiphytoviral activity of sesquiterpene-rich essent-ial oils from four croatian teucrium species. Molecules 16:8119–8129. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16098119
Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Ballero M et al (2009) HIV-1-inhibiting activity of the essential oil of Ridolfia segetum and Oenanthe crocata. Planta Med 75:1331–1335. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1185546
Biltekin SN, Karadaǧ AE, Demirci B et al (2022) ACE2 and LOX enzyme inhibitions of different lavender essential oils and major components linalool and camphor. ACS Omega 7:36561–36566. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04518
Bin NR, Prescott SL, Horio N et al (2023) An airway-to-brain sensory pathway mediates influenza-induced sickness. Nature 615:660–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05796-0
Cagno V, Sgorbini B, Sanna C et al (2017) In vitro anti-herpes simplex virus-2 activity of Salvia desoleana Atzei and V. Picci Essential Oil Plos One 12:e0172322. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172322
Camero M, Lanave G, Catella C et al (2019) Virucidal activity of ginger essential oil against caprine alphaherpesvirus-1. Vet Microbiol 230:150–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.001
Chen C, Chen Y, Hsi Y et al (2013) Chemical constituents and anticancer activity of Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe essential oil against non-small cell lung carcinoma cellsin vitro and in vivo. J Agr Food Chem 61:11418–11427. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf4026184
Civitelli L, Panella S, Marcocci ME et al (2014) In vitro inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication by Mentha suaveolens essential oil and its main component piperitenone oxide. Phytomedicine 21:857–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.01.013
Cozzi L, Vicenza T, Battistini R et al (2023) Effects of essential oils and hydrolates on the infectivity of murine norovirus. Viruses 15:682. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030682
Cui G, Shimba A, ** J et al (2022) A circulating subset of iNKT cells mediates antitumor and antiviral immunity. Sci Immunol 7(76):eabj8760. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abj8760
Da Silva JKR, Figueiredo PLB, Byler KG et al (2020) Essential oils as antiviral agents, potential of essential oils to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection: an in-silico investigation. Int J Mol Sci 21:3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103426
De Rapper S, Kamatou G, Viljoen A et al (2013) The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil in combination with other aroma-therapeutic oils. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013:852049. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/852049
Dunkic V, Vuko E, Bezic N et al (2013) Composition and antiviral activity of the essential oils of Eryngium alpinum and E. amethystinum. Chem Biodivers 10:1894–1902. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201300061
El GA, Essa AF, El-Rashedy AA et al (2022) Antiviral potentialities of chemical characterize-d essential oils of Acacia nilotica bark and fruits against hepatitis A and herpes sim-plex viruses: in vitro, in silico, and molecular dynamics studies. Plants (basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212889
El-Shiekh RA, Okba MM, Mandour AA et al (2024) Eucalyptus oils phytochemical composition in correlation with their newly explored anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential: in vitro and in silico approaches. Plant Food Hum Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-024-01159-w
Emran TB, Islam F, Nath N et al (2022) Naringin and naringenin polyphenols in neurological diseases: understandings from a therapeutic viewpoint. Life (basel) 13(1):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010099
Farag RS, Shalaby AS, El-Baroty GA et al (2004) Chemical and biological evaluation of the essential oils of different Melaleuca species. Phytother Res 18:30–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1348
Feriotto G, Marchetti N, Costa V et al (2018) Chemical composition of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, and Rosmarinus officinalis, and their effects on the HIV-1 tat protein function. Chem Biodivers. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201700436
Foo CX, Bartlett S, Chew KY et al (2023) GPR183 antagonism reduces macrophage infiltration in influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur Respir J 61(3):2201306. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01306-2022
García CC, Talarico L, Almeida N et al (2003) Virucidal activity of essential oils from aromatic plants of San Luis, Argentina. Phytother Res 17:1073–1075. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1305
Garozzo A, Timpanaro R, Stivala A et al (2011) Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on influenza virus A/PR/8: study on the mechanism of action. Antivir Res 89:83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.11.010
Gentile F, Oprea TI, Tropsha A et al (2023) Surely you are joking, Mr Docking. Chem Soc Rev 52:872–878. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CS00948J
Gilling DH, Kitajima M, Torrey JR et al (2014) Antiviral efficacy and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component carvacrol against murine norovirus. J Appl Microbiol 116:1149–1163. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12453
Gocher-Demske AM, Cui J, Szymczak-Workman AL et al (2023) IFN-g-induction of T(H)1-like regulatory T cells controls antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 24:841–854. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01453-w
Guo Y, **ong Y, Song Z et al (2015) Extraction, component analysis, and antibacterial activity of volatile oil from guava leaves. China J Tradit Chinese Med Pharm 30:3754–3757
Han JM, Kim MH, Choi LY et al (2022) Exploring the Potential effects and mechanisms of Asarum sieboldii Radix essential oil for treatment of asthma. Pharmaceutics 14:558. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030558
Han Y, Dai C, Tang L (2005) Preliminary study on the antiviral effect of volatile oil from Artemisia argyi leaves. Amino Acids Biotic Resour 2:14–16
Haney J, Vijayakrishnan S, Streetley J et al (2022) Coinfection by influenza A virus and resp-iratory syncytial virus produces hybrid virus particles. Nat Microbiol 7:1879–1890. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01242-5
Hassan S, Berchová-Bímová K, Šudomová M et al (2018) In vitro study of multi-therapeutic properties of Thymus bovei Benth. essential oil and its main component for promoting their use in clinical practice. J Clin Med 7:283. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7090283
Hayashi K, Imanishi N, Kashiwayama Y et al (2007) Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in vitro and in vivo. Antivir Res 74:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.01.003
He Z, Meng X, Bao Y et al (2007) Antivirus effect of volatile oil from Senecio cannabifolius Less. and its constituents analysis. Chin J Anal Chem 35:1513–1516. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-3820.2007.10.027
Hosny KM, Sindi AM, Alkhalidi HM et al (2021) Oral gel loaded with penciclovir–lavender oil nanoemulsion to enhance bioavailability and alleviate pain associated with herpes labialis. Drug Deliv 28:1043–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2021.1931561
Hossain MI, Wang Z, Yeo D et al (2023) Comparison of the virucidal efficacy of essential oils (cinnamon, clove, and thyme) against hepatitis A virus in suspension and on food-contact surfaces. Curr Res Food Sci 7:100634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100634
Huang H, Zhou Y, Yan W et al (2008) Anti-rotavirus effects of the saponin and volatile oil from Psidium guajava leaves. Herald Med 27:772–775. https://doi.org/10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2008.07.012
Ibrahim N, Moussa AY (2021) A comparative volatilomic characterization of florence fennel f-rom different locations: antiviral prospects. Food Funct 12:1498–1515. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02897e
Islam F, Islam MM, Khan Meem AF et al (2023) Multifaceted role of polyphenols in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases. Chemosphere 307(Pt3):136020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136020
Janes SEJ, Price CSG, Thomas D (2005) Essential oil poisoning: N-acetylcysteine for eugenol-induced hepatic failure and analysis of a national database. Eur J Pediatr 164:520–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-005-1692-1
Johnston GA, Hanrahan JR, Chebib M et al (2006) Modulation of ionotropic GABA receptors by natural products of plant origin. Adv Pharmacol 54:285–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1054-3589(06)54012-8
Juergens UR (2014) Anti-inflammatory properties of the monoterpene 1.8-cineole: current evidence for co-medication in inflammatory airway diseases. Drug Res (stuttg) 64:638–646. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1372609
Kalyvianaki K, Malamos P, Mastrodimou N et al (2020) Toxicity evaluation of an essential oil mixture from the Cretan herb’s thyme, Greek sage and Cretan dittany. NPJ Sci Food 4:20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-020-00080-1
Karashima Y, Damann N, Prenen J et al (2007) Bimodal action of menthol on the transient receptor potential channel TRPA1. J Neurosci 27:9874–9884. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2221-07.2007
Kazlauskaite JA, Matulyte I, Marksa M et al (2023) Application of antiviral, antioxidant and antibacterial Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Trifolium pratense L. extracts and Myristica fragrans Houtt. essential oil in microcapsules. Pharmaceutics 15:464. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020464
Khursheed A, Jain V, Rasool A et al (2021) Molecular scaffolds from mother nature as possible lead compounds in drug design and discovery against coronaviruses: a landscape analysis of published literature and molecular docking studies. Microb Pathog 157:104933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104933
Kiki MJ (2023) In vitro antiviral potential, antioxidant, and chemical composition of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil. Molecules 28:2421. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062421
Kim YW, You HJ, Lee S et al (2017) Inactivation of norovirus by lemongrass essential oil using a norovirus surrogate system. J Food Protect 80:1293–1302. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-162
Koch C, Reichling J, Schneele J et al (2008) Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2. Phytomedicine 15:71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.003
Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M (2022) The logic of virus evolution. Cell Host Microbe 30:917–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2022.06.008
Koyama S, Heinbockel T (2020) The effects of essential oils and terpenes in relation to their routes of intake and application. Int J Mol Sci 21:1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051558
Ksouri A, Klouz A, Bouhaouala-Zahar B et al (2023) Docking-based evidence for the potential of ImmunoDefender: a novel formulated essential oil blend incorporating synergistic antiviral bioactive compounds as promising Mpro inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 28:4296. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114296
Kurohane K, Sahara Y, Kimura A et al (2013) Lack of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 activations by phthalate esters that enhance contact hypersensitivity in mice. Toxicol Lett 217:192–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.025
Lai F, Sinico C, De Logu A et al (2007) SLN as a topical delivery system for Artemisia arborescens essential oil: in vitro antiviral activity and skin permeation study. Int J Nanomed 2:419–425
Lai H, Chen S, Zhou W et al (2022) Research progress and reflection on improving the stability of traditional chinese medicine essential oils with nanopreparation technology. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs 53:641–652
Lebdah M, Tantawy L, Elgamal AM et al (2022) The natural antiviral and immune stimulant effects of Allium cepa essential oil onion extract against virulent Newcastle disease virus. Saudi J Biol Sci 29:1239–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.033
Leigh De Rapper S, Vuuren SF (2020) Odoriferous therapy: a review identifying essential oils against pathogens of the respiratory tract. Chem Biodivers 17(6):e2000062. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202000062
Li X, Duan S, Chu C et al (2013) Melaleuca alternifolia concentrate inhibits in vitro entry of influenza virus into host cells. Molecules 18:9550–9566. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089550
Li M, Zhu L, Liu B et al (2016) Tea tree oil nanoemulsions for inhalation therapies of bacte-rial and fungal pneumonia. Colloids Surf B 141:408–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.017
Li N, Zhang Q, Jia Z et al (2018) Volatile oil fromalpinia officinarum promotes lung cancer regressionin vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 9:4998–5006. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8FO01151F
Li D, **ng Z, Yu T et al (2022a) Pogostone attenuates adipose tissue inflammation by regulating the adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk via activating SIRT1. Food Funct 13:11853–11864. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo01450e
Li F, Piattini F, Pohlmeier L et al (2022b) Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages autonomously determine severe outcome of respiratory viral infection. Sci Immunol 7:5761. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abj5761
Li J, Ceng Y (2006) The mechanism of virus induced type I interferon production. Chem Life 5:395–398
Li J (2018) Experimental study on the prevention and treatment of influenza with bingxiang powder and its main component 1,8-cineol. Guangzhou Univ Chin Med 2:12–24
Liao Q, Qian Z, Liu R et al (2013) Germacrone inhibits early stages of influenza virus infection. Antivir Res 100:578–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.021
Liu R, He T, Zeng N et al (2013) Study on the mechanism of cinnamomum cinnamomi volatile oil and cinnamaldehyde against influenza virus. Chinese Herbal Med 44:1460–1464
Liu J (2019) Effect of ganlu disinfection pill and its volatile oil on lung inflammation in influenza virus infected mice. Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med 7:16–28
Loizzo MR, Saab A, Tundis R et al (2008) Phytochemical analysis and in vitro evaluation of the biological activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) of Cedrus libani A. Rich Phytomedicine 15:79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.03.013
Lu Z, Wan Q, Meng J et al (2018) Artemisia annua volatile oil hydroxypropyl-β-Preparation of cyclodextrin inclusion compound and analysis of its antiviral activity. Zhongguo Shiyan Fangjixue Zazhi 24:11–15. https://doi.org/10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20181406
Ma L, Yao L (2020) Antiviral effects of plant-derived essential oils and their components: an updated review. Molecules 25:2627. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112627
Mabrouk DM, El MA, Ahmed KA et al (2022) Topiramate potential neurotoxicity and mitigat-eng role of ginger oil in mice brain. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29:87184–87199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21878-4
Maeda N, Horochi S, Hasegawa Y et al (2023) Decreased immunoreactivity of hepatitis E virus antigen following treatment with Sakhalin spruce (Picea glehnii) essential oil. Chem Biodivers 20(4):e202200924. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202200924
Mansour KA, El-Neketi M, Lahloub MF et al (2022) Nanoemulsions of Jasminum humile L. and Jasminum grandiflorum L. essential oils an approach to enhance their cytotoxic and antiviral effects. Molecules 27(11):3639. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113639
Mao X, Gu S, Sang H et al (2021) Essential oil-rich chinese formula luofushan-baicao oil inhibits the infection of influenza a virus through the regulation of NF-κB P65 and IRF3 activation. Evid-Based Compl Alt 2021:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5547424
Masyita A, Mustika Sari R, Dwi Astuti A et al (2022) Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chem X 13:100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100217
Medina KL (2016) Chapter 4-overview of the immune system. In: Pittock SJ, Vincent A (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 133. Elsevier, pp 61–76
Mediouni S, Jablonski JA, Tsuda S et al (2020) Oregano oil and its principal component, carvacrol, inhibit HIV-1 fusion into target cells. J Virol 94(15):e00147-e220. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00147-20
Mitra S, Tareq AM, Das R et al (2023) Polyphenols: a first evidence in the synergism and bioactivities. Food Rev Intl 39(7):4419–4441. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2022.2026376
Mohamed ME, Tawfeek N, Elbaramawi SS et al (2022) Agathis robusta bark essential oil effectiveness against COVID-19: chemical composition, in silico and in vitro approaches. Plants 11:663. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11050663
Nam S, Chang M, Do J et al (2008) Essential oil of niaouli preferentially potentiates antigen-specific cellular immunity and cytokine production by macrophages. Immunopharm Immunot 30:459–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923970802135187
Oh YJ, Kim Y, Kim JW et al (2023) Antibacterial and antiviral properties of Pinus densiflora essential oil. Foods 12:4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234279
Orchard A, Kamatou G, Viljoen AM et al (2019) The influence of carrier oils on the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of essential oils. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019:6981305. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6981305
Park N, Park SJ, Kim MH et al (2022) Efficacy and mechanism of essential oil from Abies holophylla leaf on airway inflammation in asthma: network pharmacology and in vivo study. Phytomedicine 96:153898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153898
Parra-Acevedo V, Ocazionez RE, Stashenko EE et al (2023) Comparative virucidal activities of essential oils and alcohol-based solutions against enveloped virus surrogates: in vitro and in silico analyses. Molecules 28:4156. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104156
Paschke M, Tkachenko A, Ackermann K et al (2017) Activation of the cold-receptor TRPM8 by low levels of menthol in tobacco products. Toxicol Lett 271:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.020
Pellegrini F, Camero M, Catella C et al (2023) Virucidal activity of lemon essential oil against feline calicivirus used as surrogate for norovirus. Antibiotics 12:322. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020322
Pereira RB, Rahali FZ, Nehme R et al (2023) Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from Tunisian aromatic and medicinal plants and their major constituents in THP-1 macrophages. Food Res Int 167:112678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112678
Qu SS, Zhang Y, Ren JN et al (2023) Effect of different ways of ingesting orange essential oil on blood immune index and intestinal microflora in mice. J Sci Food Agr 103:380–388. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12152
Ramseya JT, Shropshirea BC, Nagya TR et al (2020) Essential oils and health. Yale J Biol Med 93(2):291–305
Rao Z, Xu F, Wen T et al (2018) Protective effects of essential oils from Rimulus cinnamon on endotoxin poisoning mice. Biomed Pharmacother 101:304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.092
Rauf A, Shariati MA, Imran M et al (2022) Comprehensive review on naringenin and naringin polyphenols as a potent anticancer agent. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29(21):31025–31041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18754-6
Refaey MS, A. A. Fayed M, Kutkat O, et al (2023) Bio-guided chemical characterization and nano-formulation studies of selected edible volatile oils with potentials antibacterial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. Arab J Chem 16:104813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104813
Reichling J (2022) Antiviral and virucidal properties of essential oils and isolated compounds-a scientific approach. Planta Med 88:587–603. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1382-2898
Rodrigues AM, Mendes AR, Caeiro MF et al (2023) New reports on the portuguese endemic species, santolina impressa: secretory structures, essential oil composition and antiviral activity. Plants 12:2391. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12132391
Rumlová M, Ruml T (2018) In vitro methods for testing antiviral drugs. Biotechnol Adv 36:557–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.016
Saddi M, Sanna A, Cottiglia F et al (2007) Antiherpevirus activity of Artemisia arborescens essential oil and inhibition of lateral diffusion in Vero cells. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 6:1476–1711. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-6-10
Said ME, Militello M, Saia S et al (2016) Artemisia arborescens essential oil composition, enantiomeric distribution, and antimicrobial activity from different wild populations from the mediterranean area. Chem Biodivers 13:1095–1102. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201500510
Şakalar Ç, Ertürk M (2022) Inactivation of airborne SARS-CoV-2 by thyme volatile oil vapor phase. J Virol Methods 312:114660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114660
Sanna G, Madeddu S, Serreli G et al (2021) Antiviral effect of Hornstedtia bella Škorničk essential oil from the whole plant against vaccinia virus (VV). Nat Prod Res 35:5674–5680. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1824228
Schnitzler P, Koch C, Reichling J (2007) Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrob Agents Ch 51:1859–1862. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00426-06
Schuhmacher A, Reichling J, Schnitzler P (2003) Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped virus’s herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Phytomedicine 10:504–510. https://doi.org/10.1078/094471103322331467
Scuteri D, Morrone LA, Rombolà L et al (2017) Aromatherapy and aromatic plants for the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: clinical evidence and possible mechanisms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017:9416305. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9416305
Selvarani V, James H (2013) The activity of cedar leaf oil vapor against respiratory viruses: practical applications. J Appl Pharm Sci 11:11–15. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.31103
Senthil Kumar KJ, Gokila Vani M, Wang C et al (2020) Geranium and lemon essential oils and their active compounds downregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain, in epithelial cells. Plants 9:770. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060770
Shu Y, Zhu X, Chen Y et al (2020) Effects of different compatibility components of mint schizonepeta on influenza virus. Chinese J Exp Tradit Med Formulae 26:9–19. https://doi.org/10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20201705
Silva-Trujillo L, Quintero-Rueda E, Stashenko EE et al (2022) Essential oils from colombian plants: antiviral potential against dengue virus based on chemical composition, in vitro and in silico analyses. Molecules 27:6844. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206844
Sinico C, De Logu A, Lai F et al (2005) Liposomal incorporation of Artemisia arborescens L. essential oil and in vitro antiviral activity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 59:161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.06.005
Skalicka-Woźniak K, Grzegorczyk A, Świątek A et al (2017) Biological activity and safety profile of the essential oil from fruits of Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier and Levier (Apiaceae). Food Chem Toxicol 109:820–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.033
Solórzano-Santos F, Miranda-Novales MG (2012) Essential oils from aromatic herbs as antimicrobial agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol 23:136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.08.005
Stanojevic LP, Marjanovic-Balaban ZR, Kalaba VD et al (2017) Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil. J Essent Oil Bear Plants 20:1557–1569. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2017.1401963
Stinson RJ, Morice AH, Sadofsky LR (2023) Modulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels by plant derived substances used in over-the-counter cough and cold remedies. Resp Res 24(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-023-02347-z
Taglienti A, Donati L, Ferretti L et al (2022) In vivo antiphytoviral activity of essential oils and hydrosols from origanum vulgare, thymus vulgaris, and rosmarinus officinalis to control zucchini yellow mosaic virus and tomato leaf curl new Delhi virus in Cucurbita pepo L. Front Microbiol 13:840893. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.840893
Tang Q, Yang F, Zeng N et al (2012) Study on the anti-influenza effect of volatile oil from Nepeta cataria and its main components. Pharmacol Clin Chinese Mater Med 28:29–32. https://doi.org/10.13412/j.cnki.zyyl.2012.02.017
Tang Q (2013) Study on the anti influenza virus effect and mechanism of essential oil and its main components from **g mustard. Chengdu Univ Tradit Chin Med 4:41–42
Tariq S, Wani S, Rasool W et al (2019) A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Microb Pathogenesis 134:103580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103580
Thuy B, My T, Hai N et al (2020) Investigation into SARS-CoV-2 resistance of compounds in garlic essential oil. ACS Omega 5:8312–8320. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00772
Torky ZA, Moussa AY, Abdelghffar EA et al (2021) Chemical profiling, antiviral and antiproliferative activities of the essential oil of Phlomis aurea Decne grown in Egypt. Food Funct 12:4630–4643. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo03417g
Torres Neto L, Monteiro MLG, Galvan D et al (2021) An evaluation of the potential of essential oils against SARS-CoV-2 from in silico studies through the systematic review using a chemometric approach. Pharmaceuticals 14:1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14111138
Uyeki TM, Hui DS, Zambon M, Wentworth DE, Monto AS (2022) Influenza. Lancet 400:693–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00982-5
Valdivieso-Ugarte M, Gomez-Llorente C, Plaza-Díaz J et al (2019) Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of essential oils: a systematic review. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112786
Vangeti S, Falck-Jones S, Yu M et al (2023) Human influenza virus infection elicits distinct patterns of monocyte and dendritic cell mobilization in blood and the nasopharynx. Elife 12:e77345. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.77345
Vanti G, Ntallis SG, Panagiotidis CA et al (2020) Glycerosome of Melissa officinalis L. essential oil for effective anti-HSV type 1. Molecules 25:3111. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143111
Venturi CR, Danielli LJ, Klein F et al (2015) Chemical analysis and in vitro antiviral and antifungal activities of essential oils from Glechon spathulata and Glechon marifolia. Pharm Biol 53:682–688. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.936944
Vuko E, Radman S, Jerković I et al (2022) A plant worthy of further study—volatile and non-volatile compounds of Portenschlagiella ramosissima (Port). Tutin and its biological activity. Pharmaceuticals 15:1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15121454
Waikit Leong GH, Liao W, **a W et al (2022) Traditional patchouli essential oil modulates the host’s immune responses and gut microbiota and exhibits potent anti-cancer effects in ApcMin/+ mice. Pharmacol Res S1043-6618:25–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106082
Wan W, Yao Y, Wu W et al (2021) Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. essential oil mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 156:112445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112445
Wang J, Shi Y, Zhang Y et al (2010) Research of anti- biotic and anti- virus activities on ex-traction from different parts of Houttuynia cordata. J Hebei Univ Eng (nat Sci Ed) 27:104–106. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-9469.2010.02.027
Wani AR, Yadav K, Khursheed A et al (2021) An updated and comprehensive review of the antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents with special focus on their mechanism of action against various influenza and coronaviruses. Microb Pathog 152:104620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104620
Wei Q, Gui W (2016) Study on the volatile oil components and antiviral activity of red maple leaves, stems, and fruits. J Yunnan Univ (nat Sci Ed) 38:282–290
Weisany W, Yousefi S, Tahir NA et al (2022) Targeted delivery and controlled released of es-sential oils using nanoencapsulation: a review. Adv Colloid Interfac 303:102655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102655
Wilkin PJ, Al-Yozbaki M, George A et al (2020) The undiscovered potential of essential oils for treating SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Curr Pharm Des 26:5261–5277. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201015154611
Wnorowska S, Targowska-Duda K, Kurzepa J et al (2022) Carlina oxide inhibits the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Ind Crops Prod 187:115338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115338
Wu Q, Wang W, Dai X et al (2012) Chemical compositions and anti-influenza activities of essential oils from Mosla dianthera. J Ethnopharmacol 139:668–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.056
Wu Y, Wan N, Liu Y et al (2022) Stability improvement of Chinese medicinal essential oils based on delivery systems and their application in medical field. China J Chinese Mater Med 47:603–610. https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20210915.602
Wu X (2017) Study on the mechanism of effect of fuzheng jiedu huayu formula and its effective parts on intervention of RSV pneumonia in mice. Bei**g Univ Chin Med 8:70–78
**a Q, Huang S, Li S et al (2004) The experiment study of the anti-virus effects of zedoary oil on influenzavirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Chinese Pharmacol Bul 20:357–358. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1001-1978.2004.03.033
**ao B, Dubin AE, Bursulaya B et al (2008) Identification of transmembrane domain 5 as a critical molecular determinant of menthol sensitivity in mammalian TRPA1 channels. J Neurosci 28:9640–9651. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2772-08.2008
Xu X, Song H, Han Y et al (2007) Analysis of chemical constituents of volatile oil from Artemisia argyi leaves by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res 11:2657–2658
Xu F (2018) Study on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the effective site of Cinnamomum cassia based on the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Chengdu Univ Tradit Chin Med 12:44–64
Yan Y, Yang X, Wang D (2000) Inhibition of several viruses by volatile oil from Chinese shepherd’s purse ramie (report). Chinese J Microbiol Immunol 20:526. https://doi.org/10.3760/j:issn:0254-5101.2000.06.016
Yan Y, Chen X, Yang X et al (2002) Inhibition of Mosla chinensis volatile oil (MCVO) on influenza virus A3. J Microbiol 22:32–33. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-7021.2002.01.013
Yang J, Song X, Hu H et al (2022) Chemical Composition and antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and larvicidal activities of the essential oils of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. from China and Myanmar. Molecules 27(16):5243. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165243
Ye Q, Ling Q, Shen J et al (2021) Protective effect of pogostone on murine norovirus infected-RAW264.7 macrophages through inhibition of NF-κB/NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis. J Ethnopharmacol 278:114250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114250
Zai-Chang Y, Bo-Chu W, **ao-Sheng Y et al (2005) Chemical composition of the volatile oil from Cynanchum stauntonii and its activities of anti-influenza virus. Colloids Surf B 43:198–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.05.003
Zhang L, Yang Z, Fan G et al (2019) Antidepressant-like effect of Citrus sinensis (L.) osbeck essential oil and its main component limonene on mice. J Agr Food Chem 67:13817–13828. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00650
Zhang D, Gan RY, Zhang JR et al (2020) Antivirulence properties and related mechanisms of spice essential oils: a comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci F 19:1018–1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12549
Zhang L, Yan Q, Zhang W et al (2022a) Enhancement of the functionality of attenuating acute lung injury by a microemulsion formulation with volatile oil of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Ligusticum Chuanxiong Rhizoma encapsulated. Biomed Pharmacother 156:113888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113888
Zhang Y, Li XY, Zhang BS et al (2022b) In vivo antiviral effect of plant essential oils against avian infectious bronchitis virus. Bmc Vet Res 18:90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03183-x
Zhang Z, Fu X, Wang Y et al (2023) In vivo anti-hepatitis B activity of Artemisia argyi essential oil-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. Study of its mechanism of action by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Phytomedicine 116:154848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154848
Zhao Z, Wang L, Zheng L et al (2015) The inhibitory effect of volatile oil from Artemisia argyi leaves on HBV. J Zhengzhou Univ (med Ed) 50:301–304
Zhao Y, Chang Y, Hu X et al (2017) Solid lipid nanoparticles for sustained pulmonary delivery of Yuxingcao essential oil: preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharmaceut 516:364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.046
Zhou Y, Zhang M, Wang C et al (2021) Solidification of volatile D-Limonene by cyclodextrin metal-organic framework for pulmonary delivery via dry powder inhalers: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharmaceut 606:120825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120825
Zhou Y, Dai Z, Zhang S et al (2022) Antivirus activity of zedoary turmeric oil injection against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. Acta Univ Medicinalis Anhui 57:664–672. https://doi.org/10.19405/j.cnki.issn1000-1492.2022.04.030
Acknowledgements
The research was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82274397), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2021LZY012), the **an Independent Training Innovation Team (No. 2021GXRC028), the 2023 Annual **an City-University Integration Development Strategy Project (No. JNSX2023054), and Shandong Province Technological Innovation Guidance Program (No. YDZX2023044).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Feng, A., Si, T., Du, B. et al. Antiviral potential of essential oils and their plant sources, delivery methods, and drug development strategies with special focus on their mechanisms: a comprehensive review. Phytochem Rev (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-024-09983-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-024-09983-3