Abstract
Simple phenolic acids are considered the most common and widely studied bioactive compounds belonging to plants’ secondary metabolites. The simple phenolic acids can be classified as hydroxybenzoic (gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and syringic acids) and hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acids) and present high commercial value. This review comprehensively discussed the trends, classification, sources, biosynthesis, and biological properties of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, focusing on the antioxidant, anticancer, antitumor, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticholesterolemic, antimutagenic, and antihypertensive activities. The findings obtained support the application of simple phenolic acids in the cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and health industries and provide future perspectives and guidance for the exploration of simple phenolic acids from plants and fruit sources.
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Abbreviations
- PEP:
-
Phosphoenolpyruvate
- E4P:
-
Erythrose 4-phosphate
- DAHP:
-
3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate
- DAHPS:
-
DAHP synthase
- DHQ:
-
3-Dehydroquinate
- DHQS:
-
3-Dehydroquinate synthase
- DHS:
-
3-Dehydroshikimate
- DHQD/SDH:
-
3-Dehydroquinate dehydratase/shikimate dehydrogenase
- SK:
-
Shikimate kinase
- S3P:
-
Shikimate 3-phosphate
- EPSP:
-
5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate
- EPSPS:
-
EPSP synthase
- CS:
-
Chorismate synthase
- Tyr:
-
Tyrosine
- Trp:
-
Tryptophan
- ICS:
-
IC synthase
- SA:
-
Salicylic acid
- O-COU:
-
o-Coumaric acid
- HQT:
-
Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate: hydroxycinnamoyl transferase
- HPP:
-
3-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid
- CHD:
-
CIN-CoA hydratase/CIN-CoA dehydratase
- HPP-CoA:
-
3-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropionyl-CoA
- OPP-CoA:
-
3-Oxo-3-phenylpropanoyl-CoA
- KAT:
-
3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase
- BZL:
-
Benzoyl-CoA ligase
- EC-hydratase:
-
Enoyl-CoA hydratase
- EC-lyase:
-
Enoyl-CoA
- AAO:
-
Aldehyde oxidase
- BA2H:
-
Benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase
- BEN-Glu:
-
Benzoyl–glucose
- ALDH:
-
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
- CNL:
-
Cinnamoyl-CoA ligase
- CIN-CoA:
-
Cinnamoyl-CoA
- PAL:
-
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase
- 4CL:
-
4-Coumarate-CoA: ligase
- F5H:
-
Ferulate (coniferil aldehyde/alcohol) 5-hydroxylase
- COMT:
-
Cinnamyl (caffeate) O-methyltransferase
- S:
-
Syringyl
- G:
-
Guaiacyl
- H:
-
p-Hydroxyphenyl
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- DPHH:
-
Antioxidant method by DPPH method
- FRAP:
-
Antioxidant method by FRAP method
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- MDA:
-
Malonaldehyde
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- NPT:
-
Nonprotein thiol
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- GST:
-
Glutathione-S-transferase
- HO-1:
-
Heme oxygenase-1
- GCLC:
-
Glutamate ligase catalytic subunit
- GCLM:
-
Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NQO1:
-
NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1quinone oxidoreductase 1
- MSG:
-
Monosodium glutamate
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa B
- ABTS:
-
Antioxidant capacity by ABTS method
- CUPRAC:
-
Antioxidant capacity by CUPRAC method
- FCA:
-
Ferulic acid
- MMP-9:
-
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
- PARP:
-
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
- NSCLC H1299:
-
Non-small-cell lung cancer
- CAPE:
-
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester
- BCL-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- NOX:
-
NADPH oxidase
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- Nox2:
-
NADPH oxidase 2
- AMPK:
-
AMP-activated protein kinase
- PGC1 alpha:
-
Proliferator-activated receptor-alpha coactivator1 alpha
- PPAR-γ:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- PRDX1:
-
Peroxiredoxin 1
- IL:
-
Interleukins
- COX-2:
-
Inferferon-γ (IFN- γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), cyclooxygenase-2
- PGE-2:
-
Prostaglandin E2
- MCP-1:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- DSS:
-
Dextran sulfate sodium
- SMEDDS:
-
Acid-self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system
- SLRL:
-
Sex-linked recessive lethal
- DOCA:
-
Deoxycorticosterone acetate
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da Silva, A.P.G., Sganzerla, W.G., John, O.D. et al. A comprehensive review of the classification, sources, biosynthesis, and biological properties of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids. Phytochem Rev (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-023-09891-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-023-09891-y