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Promising protein biomarkers in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an insidious, multifactorial disease that involves the devastation of neurons leading to cognitive impairments. Alzheimer’s have compounded pathologies of diverse nature, including proteins as one important factor along with mutated genes and enzymes. Although various review articles have proposed biomarkers, still, the statistical importance of proteins is missing. Proteins associated with AD include amyloid precursor protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, calmodulin-like skin protein, hepatocyte growth factor, matrix Metalloproteinase-2. These proteins play a crucial role in the AD hypothesis which includes the tau hypothesis, amyloid-beta (Aβ) hypothesis, cholinergic neuron damage, etc. The present review highlights the role of major proteins and their physiological functions in the early diagnosis of AD. Altered protein expression results in cognitive impairment, synaptic dysfunction, neuronal degradation, and memory loss. On the medicinal ground, efforts of making anti-amyloid, anti-tau, anti-inflammatory treatments are on the peak, having these proteins as putative targets. Few proteins, e.g., Amyloid precursor protein results in the formation of non-soluble sticky Aβ40 and Aβ42 monomers that, over time, aggregate into plaques in the cortical and limbic brain areas and neurogranin is believed to regulate calcium-mediated signaling pathways and thus modulating synaptic plasticity are few putative and potential forthcoming targets for develo** effective anti-AD therapies. These proteins may help to diagnose the disease early, bode well for the successful discovery and development of therapeutic and preventative regimens for this devasting public health problem.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Shoolini University, Solan, H.P. India for providing facilities to carry out literature regarding the present work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India

    Lalit Sharma, Aditi Sharma & Deepak Kumar

  2. Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India

    Manish Kumar Asthana

  3. Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk, Aizawl, 796017, India

    H. Lalhlenmawia

  4. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR–IHBT), Palampur, 176061, India

    Ashwani Kumar

  5. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People’s Republic of China

    Sanjib Bhattacharyya

  6. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173 229, India

    Deepak Kumar

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Sharma, L., Sharma, A., Kumar, D. et al. Promising protein biomarkers in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Metab Brain Dis 37, 1727–1744 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00847-9

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