Abstract
The contribution of four sources (river water, seawater, atmospheric deposition, and dissolution from sediment) to the I-129 concentration in water of a brackish lake which is adjacent to a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Northeast Japan was estimated using an observation dataset from 2006 to 2015, including the operation and non-operation terms of the plant (first three years: operation). The most major source of I-129 was the atmospheric deposition during and after the operation. However, the dissolution of sediment also became the significant source after the operation in summer because of the anoxic condition at the bottom of the lake.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10967-020-07480-3/MediaObjects/10967_2020_7480_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10967-020-07480-3/MediaObjects/10967_2020_7480_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10967-020-07480-3/MediaObjects/10967_2020_7480_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10967-020-07480-3/MediaObjects/10967_2020_7480_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10967-020-07480-3/MediaObjects/10967_2020_7480_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10967-020-07480-3/MediaObjects/10967_2020_7480_Fig6_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Snyder G, Aldahan A, Possnert G (2010) Global distribution and long-term fate of anthropogenic 129I in marine and surface water reservoirs. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 11:1–10
Ueda S, Kakiuchi H, Hasegawa H, Akata N, Kawamura H, Hisamatsu S (2015) Iodine-129 in water samples collected adjacent to a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Rokkasho, Japan. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 303:1211–1215
Ueda S, Kakiuchi H, Hasegawa H, Akata N, Kawamura H, Hisamatsu S (2015) Concentration of 129I in aquatic biota collected from a lake adjacent to the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Rokkasho, Japan. Radiat Prot Dosim 167:176–180
Ueda S, Kakiuchi H, Hisamatsu S (2018) Inventory of 129I in brackish lake sediments adjacent to a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Japan. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 318:89–96
Hasegawa H, Kakiuchi H, Akata N, Ohtsuka Y, Hisamatsu S (2017) Regional and global contributions of anthropogenic iodine-129 in monthly deposition samples collected in North East Japan between 2006 and 2015. J Environ Radioact 171:65–73
Satoh Y, Kakiuchi H, Ueda S, Akata N, Hisamatsu S (2019) Concentrations of iodine-129 in livestock, agricultural, and fishery products around spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Rokkasho, Japan, during and after its test operation. Environ Monit Assess 191:61
Satoh Y, Ueda S, Kakiuchi H, Ohtsuka Y, Hisamatsu S (2019) Concentrations of iodine-129 in coastal surface sediments around spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Rokkasho, Japan, during and after its test operation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 322:2019–2024
Fuge R, Johnson CC (1986) The geochemistry of iodine-a review. Environ Geochem Health 8:31–54
Eckhoff KM, Maage A (1997) Iodine content in fish and other food products from East Africa analyzed by ICP-MS. J Food Compos Anal 10:270–282
Amachi S, Mishima Y, Shinoyama H, Muramatsu Y, Fujii T (2005) Active transport and accumulation of iodide by newly isolated marine bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 507:741–745
de la Cuesta JL, Manley SL (2009) Iodine assimilation by marine diatoms and other phytoplankton in nitrate replete conditions. Limnol Oceanogr 54:1653–1664
Satoh Y, Wada S, Hisamatsu S (2018) Seasonal variations in iodine concentrations in a brown alga (Ecklonia cava Kjellman) and a seagrass (Zostera marina L.) in the northwestern Pacific coast of central Japan. J Oceanogr 74:339–445
Aldahan A, Alfimov V, Possnert G (2007) 129I anthropogenic budget: major sources and sinks. Appl Geochem 22:606–618
Otosaka S, Satoh Y, Suzuki T, Kuwabara J, Nakanishi T (2018) Distribution and fate of 129I in the seabed sediment off Fukushima. J Environ Radioact 192:208–218
Ueda S, Kondo K, Chikuchi Y (2005) Effects of the halocline on water quality and phytoplankton composition in a shallow brackish lake (Lake Obuchi, Japan). Limnology 6:149–160
Ueda S, Kakiuchi H, Hasegawa H, Hisamatsu S (2011) Validation of a radionuclide transfer model in a brackish lake. Fusion Sci Technol 60:1296–1299
Ueda S, Kawabata H, Hasegawa H, Kondo K (2000) Characteristics of fluctuations in salinity and water quality in brackish Lake Obuchi. Limnology 1:57–62
Ullman WJ, Aller RC (1980) Dissolved iodine flux from estuarine sediments and implications for the enrichment of iodine at the sediment water interface. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 44:1177–1184
Ullman WJ, Aller RC (1983) Rates of iodine remineralization in terrigenous near-shore sediments. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 47:1423–1432
Wakefield SJ, Elderfield H (1985) Interstitial water iodine enrichments in sediments from the eastern Pacific. J Mar Res 43:951–961
Kennedy HA, Elderfield H (1987) Iodine diagenesis in pelagic deep-sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51:2489–2504
Anschutz P, Sundby B, Lefrancois L, Luther GW III, Mucci A (2000) Interactions between metal oxides and species of nitrogen and iodine in bioturbated marine sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:2751–2763
Price NB, Calvert SE (1973) The geochemistry of iodine in oxidized and reduced recent marine sediments. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 37:2140–2153
Price NB, Calvert SE (1977) The contrasting geochemical behaviors of iodine and bromine in recent sediments from Namibian shelf. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 41:1769–1775
Malcolm SJ, Price NB (1984) The behavior of iodine and bromine in estuarine surface sediments. Mar Chem 15:3–271
Satoh Y, Imai S (2020) Evaluation of dissolution flux of iodine from brackish lake sediments under different temperature and oxygenic conditions. Sci Total Environ 707:135920
Aomori Prefecture (2002) Annual report of the research of radionuclides in aquatic environments. Institute for Environmental Sciences (in Japanese)
Katano N, Mizutori M, Nakashiki N, Wada A (1989) Prediction model of oceanic diffusion for effluent from nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Abiko Research Laboratory, Rep. No. U88070 (in Japanese)
Aomori Prefecture (2015) Annual report of the research of released radioactivity transfer into the environment. Institute for Environmental Sciences (in Japanese)
Abe K, Hasegawa H, Akata N, Kakiuchi H, Chiang J, Suwa H, Hisamatsu S (2019) A simulation study of deposition parameters for 129I discharged from the Rokkasho reprocessing plant. Rad Prot Dosim 184:376–379
Wong GTW, Brewer PG, Spenser DW (1976) The distribution of particulate iodine in the Atlantic Ocean. Earth Plant Sci Lett 32:441–450
Elderfield H, Truesdale VW (1980) On biophilic nature of iodine in seawater. Earth Plant Sci Lett 50:105–114
Nakayama E, Kimoto T, Isshiki K, Sohrin Y, Okazaki S (1989) Determination and distribution of iodine- and total-iodine in the North Pacific Ocean-by using a new automated electrochemical method. Mar Chem 27:105–116
Kadowaki M, Katata G, Terada H, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Akata N, Kakiuchi H (2018) Impacts of anthropogenic source from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants on global atmospheric iodine-129 cycle: a model analysis. Atmos Environ 184:278–291
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Shun’ichi Hisamatsu from the Institute for Environmental Sciences for providing advice and support throughout this study. This work was performed under contract with the government of Aomori Prefecture, Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Satoh, Y., Ueda, S., Hidenao, H. et al. Sources of dissolved I-129 in brackish lake water during and after the operation of a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 327, 465–475 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07480-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07480-3