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Fabrication and Characterization of 3D Nanostructured Polycaprolactone-Gelatin/Nanohydroxyapatite-Nanoclay Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

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Abstract

Numerous clinical bone disorders, such as infections and bone loss from cancer or trauma, increase the need for bone regeneration. Due to the difficulty of self-repairing large bone defects, bone tissue engineering has gained popularity. In this study, polycaprolactone(PCL)-gelatin(GEL) scaffolds with varying concentrations of nanohydroxyapatite (NHA) and nanoclay (NC) particles were fabricated using 3D printing technology, and their physiochemical and biological properties were assessed. PCL has excellent mechanical properties, but its hydrophobicity and long-term degradation limit its utility in scaffold fabrication. Thus, GEL, NHA and NC have been used to improve the overall performance of the polymer such as hydrophilicity, strength, adhesiveness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and osteoconductivity. The morphological analysis revealed 3D printed structures with rectangular interconnected pores and well-distributed nanoparticles. The highest porosity belonged to PCL-GEL/NHA-NC (30/70) at 69.49%, which may directly contributed to the increase in the compressive modulus and degradation rate. The wettability, compressive strength, water uptake rate, biodegradability, and bioactivity of PCL-GEL scaffolds improved significantly as the NC concentration increased. The behavior of the seeded MG-63 cells on the 3D printed nanocomposite scaffolds was evaluated using the MTT assay, DAPI staining, and SEM micro images. It was discovered that the inclusion of NHA and NC nanoparticles can promote cell proliferation, viability, and adherence. Through the obtained in vitro results, the fabricated 3D printed PCL-GEL/NHA scaffold with higher NC concentration can be regarded as a promising scaffold for expediting the repair of bone defects.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the scientific support for this work by the University of Central Tehran Branch, Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Saba Nazari & Mitra Naeimi

  2. Medical Radiation Research Center, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Mitra Naeimi

  3. Biosensor Research Center (BRC), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Isfahan, Iran

    Mohammad Rafienia

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Monajjemi

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  1. Saba Nazari
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Saba Nazari: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, writing Original draft Dr. Mohammed Rafienia and Dr.Mitra Naeimi: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, writing review, and editing Dr. Majid Monajjemi: Writing review and editing Dr.Seyed Ali Poursamar: methodology, validation, formal analysis

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Nazari, S., Naeimi, M., Rafienia, M. et al. Fabrication and Characterization of 3D Nanostructured Polycaprolactone-Gelatin/Nanohydroxyapatite-Nanoclay Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration. J Polym Environ 32, 94–110 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02966-z

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