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Exogenously applied salicylic acid maintains redox homeostasis in salt-stressed Arabidopsis gr1 mutants expressing cytosolic roGFP1

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Abstract

Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can be used for chemical hardening to alleviate oxidative stress in plants exposed to salinity. The treatment of 5-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants with increasing doses of SA alters the ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) pools, and modulates their redox status and the activity of several antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). To investigate the role of GR in the maintenance of cytoplasmic redox homeostasis after hardening by SA, wild type (WT) and gr1 mutant plants, expressing the cytoplasmic redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (c-roGFP1), were pre-treated with 10−7 and 10−5 M SA for 2 weeks and subsequently exposed to 100 mM NaCl. The redox status of the salt-stressed WT plants became more oxidized, which was prevented by pretreatment with 10−5 M SA. The gr1 mutants showed more positive redox potential than WT plants, which could be reversed by treatment with 10−5 M SA. In mutants, the increased GSH levels may have compensated for the deleterious effect of GR deficiency and stabilized the redox potential in plants exposed to salinity. The ASC regeneration in WT plants shifted from the GSH-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) reaction to the NAD(P)H-dependent monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity during chemical hardening, which contributed to the preservation of the GSH pool in plants under salt stress. Our results suggest that the maintenance of GSH levels and redox homeostasis by SA-mediated hardening play a major role in priming and defending against salt stress.

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Abbreviations

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

ASC:

Ascorbate

c-roGFP1:

Cytoplasmic redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

E GSH :

Glutathione reduction potential

E roGFP :

Reduction potential of roGFP1

GR:

Glutathione reductase

gr1 :

Glutathione reductase1 mutant

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GSSG:

Glutathione disulphide, oxidized glutathione

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

NPR1 :

Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes1

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SA:

Salicylic acid

TRX:

Thioredoxin

WT:

Wild type

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. M. Schwarzländer for the c-roGFP1-harbouring Arabidopsis seeds. This study was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office [Grant Numbers: OTKA K 105956 and NKFI-1 PD 121027] and by the Hungary-Serbia IPA Cross-border Co-operation Programme [HUSRB/1203/221/173].

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Author notes

  1. Jolán Csiszár and Szilvia Brunner contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary

    Jolán Csiszár, Szilvia Brunner, Edit Horváth, Krisztina Bela, Petra Ködmön, Riyazuddin Riyazuddin, Ágnes Gallé, Ágnes Hurton & Irma Tari

  2. Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of HAS, Temesvári krt. 62., Szeged, 6726, Hungary

    Csaba Papdi & László Szabados

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  1. Jolán Csiszár
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Correspondence to Jolán Csiszár.

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Csiszár, J., Brunner, S., Horváth, E. et al. Exogenously applied salicylic acid maintains redox homeostasis in salt-stressed Arabidopsis gr1 mutants expressing cytosolic roGFP1. Plant Growth Regul 86, 181–194 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-018-0420-6

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