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Enhancing ecotourism site suitability assessment using multi-criteria evaluation and NSGA-II

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Abstract

To ensure that ecotourism development remains sustainable, the best place for such activities should be chosen based on the ecological potential. This study attempts to identify suitable ecotourism sites by develo** a quantitative geographic model using multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), optimized by a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). Three criteria (physical, biological, and socio-economic features), 13 sub-criteria, and 33 indices were first collected from primary and secondary data sources. Then, MCE method was applied to find ecotourism suitable areas, in which two methods of fuzzy overlay and weighted linear combination (WLC) were used to overlay criteria maps. Finally, NSGA-II was used to optimize ecotourism zoning through defining three objectives, including minimizing the distance from the sub-criteria of natural attractions, vegetation, and historical-cultural sites. Results show the WLC method is better than the fuzzy method at combining different layers to determine suitable zones for ecotourism, through which more than 50% of the study area, about 28,000 hectares, was classified as suitable for ecotourism. Matching 85% of suitable areas obtained by NSGA-II with high and very high suitable classes obtained by WLC shows that combining the MCE method with NSGA-II provided a more suitable hybrid method for ecotourism site suitability evaluation. This study creates a valuable tool for those responsible for planning and carrying out ecotourism initiatives, allowing them to further assess and conduct ecotourism projects.

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The data underlying this research will be available upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The writers express their gratitude to everyone who provided help in carrying out this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Resources Engineering Department, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

    Ro** Akbari, Saeid Pourmanafi & Ali Reza Soffianian

  2. Centre for People Place and Planet, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia

    Saman Galalizadeh

  3. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Koya, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

    Loghman Khodakarami

Authors
  1. Ro** Akbari
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  2. Saeid Pourmanafi
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  3. Ali Reza Soffianian
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  4. Saman Galalizadeh
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  5. Loghman Khodakarami
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Contributions

RA, SP, and ARS contributed to conceptualization; RA, SP, ARS, and SG contributed to methodology; RA, SG, and LK contributed to formal analysis and investigation; SG, RA, and SP contributed to writing—original draft preparation; all authors contributed to writing—review and editing; RA contributed to resources; RA involved in supervision.

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Correspondence to Ro** Akbari, Saeid Pourmanafi or Saman Galalizadeh.

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Questionnaire

Name:


Age:


Education level:


Job position:

The present questionnaire has been designed to prioritize the influential factors in enhancing ecotourism site suitability assessment in the basin of Zrebar (Zarivar) lake. Please complete the questionnaire based on the example. Your accuracy and expertise in completing this questionnaire will greatly contribute to the achievement of this research. Thank you.

The most significant factors affecting the assessment of ecotourism attractions in this basin are separately listed under three main criteria: ‘Physical, Biological, and Socio-Economic.’ Compare them pairwise and determine which one is more important than the other. Each of these criteria has sub-criteria for which you should also perform pairwise comparisons.


Additional Information:

The study area of the basin of Zrebar lake covers an area of 54,427 hectares and is located in western Iran. Due to its diverse natural attractions, it is considered one of the important ecotourism regions in the country. The mentioned area is considered an important border region of the country due to its proximity to the Sulaymaniyah Governorate in Iraq. The highest elevation in the study area is 2502 m in the northeast of the basin, while the lowest elevation is at the outlet of the Qezelchesou River with an elevation of 1200 m above sea level. Zrebar Lake, a marshy lake, is located within the Zagros Mountain range, 3 kms northwest of Marivan city, at an altitude of 1284 m above sea level. The maximum depth of the lake is 7 m, with an average depth of 3 m. The maximum length of the lake is 8.4 kms (8.7 kms including associated vegetation), and its width is 2.1 kms (4.4 kms including plant cover). It is surrounded by forested mountains on the west, east, and north sides. The average annual precipitation is 786 mm.


Please:

  1. 1.

    Prioritize one of the two criteria or sub-criteria that are presented side by side. Decide which option on the left side is more important than the corresponding criterion or sub-criterion on the right side.

  2. 2.

    Then indicate the level of priority for the selected factor using the multiplication sign (×) in the same column where the respective factor is placed.

For example, if in the comparison between the physical and biological criteria, the physical factor is significantly more preferred, you should indicate “Significantly More Preferred” with the (×) symbol in the column where the physical factor is located.

Pairwise comparison of the physical and biological criteria

Criterion

Absolute importance

Significantly more important

More important

Slightly more Important

Slightly More important

Equal importance

More important

Significantly more Important

Absolute importance

Criterion

 

Physical

 

 × 

       

Biological

 

Please compare the criteria in the table below and indicate the respective section with a multiplication sign (×) according to the instructions given earlier.

Criterion

Absolute importance

Significantly more Important

More important

Slightly more Important

Equal importance

Slightly more Important

More Important

Significantly more Important

Absolute importance

Criterion

Physical

         

Biological

Physical

         

Socio-economic

Biological

         

Socio-economic

Please compare the sub-criteria related to the Physical criterion in the table below and indicate the respective section with a multiplication sign (×) according to the instructions given earlier. (Erosion refers to water erosion, etc.)

Sub-criteria

Absolute importance

Significantly more Important

More important

Slightly more Important

Equal Importance

Slightly more Important

More important

Significantly more Important

Absolute importance

Sub-criteria

9

7

5

3

1

3

5

7

9

Water resources

         

Topography

Natural attractions

         

Topography

Landscape

         

Topography

Erosion

         

Topography

Climate

         

Topography

Natural disasters

         

Topography

Natural attractions

         

Water Resources

Landscape

         

Water Resources

Erosion

         

Water Resources

Climate

         

Water Resources

Natural disasters

         

Water Resources

Landscape

         

Natural Attractions

Erosion

         

Natural Attractions

Climate

         

Natural Attractions

Natural disasters

         

Natural Attractions

Erosion

         

Landscape

Climate

         

Landscape

Natural disasters

         

Landscape

Climate

         

Erosion

Natural attractions

         

Erosion

Natural disasters

         

Climate

Please compare the sub-criteria related to the Biological criterion in the table below and indicate the respective section with a multiplication sign (×) as instructed earlier.

Sub-criteria

Absolute importance

Significantly more important

More important

Slightly more important

Equal importance

Slightly more Important

More important

Significantly more important

Absolute importance

Sub-criteria

9

7

5

3

1

3

5

7

9

Wildlife Habitat

         

Vegetation

Please compare the sub-criteria related to the Socio-Economic criterion in the table below and indicate the respective section with a multiplication sign (×) as instructed earlier. (Facilities include indicators such as hotels and healthcare centres, etc.)

Sub-criteria

Absolute importance

Significantly more Important

More important

Slightly more important

Equal Importance

Slightly more Important

More Important

Significantly more important

Absolute importance

Sub-criteria

9

7

5

3

1

3

5

7

9

Accessibilities

         

Facilities

Man-made locations

         

Facilities

Historical-cultural sites

         

Facilities

Man-made locations

         

Accessibilities

Historical-cultural sites

         

Accessibilities

Historical-cultural sites

         

Man-made Locations

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Akbari, R., Pourmanafi, S., Soffianian, A.R. et al. Enhancing ecotourism site suitability assessment using multi-criteria evaluation and NSGA-II. Environ Dev Sustain (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03835-4

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