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Analysing the Impact of Carbon Emissions and Non-Renewable Energy Use on Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rates in Europe: New Evidence Using Panel Quantile Regression

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Abstract

This study critically examines the health-environment discourse and uses infant and under-5 mortality rates, carbon emissions, and non-renewable energy to investigate the inherent associations. We argue that the concentration of greenhouse gas emissions is considered to increase and can undermine the access to basic resources necessary for leading a healthy life, such as access to food, water, health, and the environment. Environmental health is closely linked to human health. The world is witnessing a substantial increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which pose a significant threat to both environment and human health. Hence, this study contributes to the discourse with unbalanced panel data on 46 European countries from 2005 to 2015 to investigate the impact of carbon emissions and non-renewable energy on infant and under-5 mortality rates. Consistent findings from static and dynamic analyses reveal that (1) carbon emission is positively associated with mortality rate; (2) non-renewable energy shows a significant negative relationship; (3) persistency in mortality rates exists; (4) positive (negative) association of emissions (non-renewable energy) dwindles (increases) in absolute value at higher distributions of mortality rates; and (5) Euro Union countries show lower mortality rates relative to non-Euro Union members. Policy recommendations are discussed.

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Notes

  1. https://www.euro.who.int/en/data-and-evidence/evidence-informed-policy-making/publications/hen-summaries-of-network-members-reports/what-are-the-effects-on-health-of-transport-related-air-pollution

  2. European Union (26): Austria (Since 1995), Belgium (Since 1998), Bulgaria (Since 2007), Croatia (Since 2013), Cyprus (Since 2004), Czech Republic (Since 2004), Denmark (Since 1973), Estonia (Since 2004), Finland (Since 1995), France (Since 1958), Germany (Since 1958), Greece (Since 1981), Hungary (Since 2004), Ireland (Since 1973), Italy (Since 1958), Latvia (Since 2004), Lithuania (Since 2004), Luxembourg (Since 1958), Netherlands (Since 1958), Poland (Since 2004), Portugal (Since 1986), Slovak Republic (Since 2004), Slovenia (Since 2004), Spain (Since 1986), Sweden (Since 1995), United Kingdom (Since 1973; Exited 2020).

    Non-European Union (20): Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Greenland, Iceland, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine.

  3. Dynamic analysis is performed only on the full sample due to insufficient data on under-5 mortality rate for the non-European Union sample.

  4. The EU is a political and economic union made up of 27 member states. Its citizens share a currency, a single market and common history and culture.

  5. Weighted least squares.

  6. The coefficients of the constant term represent those of non-Euro Union countries.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Accountancy, Finance and Economics, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK

    Bosede Ngozi Adeleye

  2. Regional Centre of Expertise (RCE) Ogun, Ota, Nigeria

    Bosede Ngozi Adeleye

  3. Centre for Economic Policy and Development Research (CEPDeR), Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

    Bosede Ngozi Adeleye

  4. Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya, Bodh Gaya, India

    Aviral Kumar Tiwari

  5. BRAC Institute of Governance and Development, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Muhammad Ibrahim Shah

  6. SZABIST Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

    Saif Ullah

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  1. Bosede Ngozi Adeleye
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  2. Aviral Kumar Tiwari
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  3. Muhammad Ibrahim Shah
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  4. Saif Ullah
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Contributions

BNA conceptualised and designed the study and analysed and interpreted the data. AKT supervised and improved the paper and did data analysis. MIS interpretation of results and writing reviewing and editing. SU interpretation of results and writing reviewing and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Aviral Kumar Tiwari.

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 8 Distributional effects of carbon emissions and nonrenewable energy consumption on infant mortality rate
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Table 9 Distributional effects of carbon emissions and nonrenewable energy consumption on under-5 mortality rate
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Adeleye, B.N., Tiwari, A.K., Shah, M.I. et al. Analysing the Impact of Carbon Emissions and Non-Renewable Energy Use on Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rates in Europe: New Evidence Using Panel Quantile Regression. Environ Model Assess 28, 389–403 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-023-09877-2

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