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Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in herbal infusion tea bags marketed in Tacna, Peru

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Abstract

The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in infusion tea bags of Camellia sinensis (tea), Pimpinella anisum (anise), Matricaria recutita (chamomile), Peumus boldus (boldo), and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) for four commercial brands sold in Tacna, Peru, to compare these concentrations with international standards. The moderate level of arsenic obtained for C. sinensis (0.294 mg kg−1) exceeded the Codex Alimentarius standard for three of the four analyzed brands, while the level of arsenic in P. boldus (0.220 mg kg−1) exceeded the same standard and the Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR) parameters for only one brand. The moderate level of cadmium outlined in the Codex Alimentarius and by the World Health Organization (WHO) was exceeded by two infusion tea bag brands of M. recutita (0.210 mg kg−1) and one brand of C. citratus (0.134 mg kg−1). Finally, based on the MERCOSUR parameters, moderate levels of lead were exceeded by only one brand of C. citratus (0.535 mg kg−1). To evaluate possible health risks, we also calculated the hazard index (HI) of the heavy metals in the target herbal tea bags. The values obtained were less than 1, showing negligible noncarcinogenic health risks for consumers. Despite this information and because of the elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead obtained in some of our results, we suggest more detailed studies to obtain more information about the potential toxicity of these products to humans.

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Acknowledgements

We want to thank Gandhy Portugal and Giüseppy Calizaya for their support and review of the manuscript, and Jorge Ruíz for his invaluable suggestions at statistical level.

Funding

This work was supported by funds from mining canons and royalties assigned to the Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann authorized and approved by Resolución Rectoral N°4644–2018-UN/JBG.

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  1. Academic Administration Department, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Avenida Miraflores s/n, Tacna, Peru

    Óscar Begazo Portugal & Marisel Flores-Quispe

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Óscar Begazo Portugal: designed the research, compiled and analyzed the data, and wrote and critically revised the manuscript. Marisel Flores-Quispe: participated in the compilation and analysis of the data and wrote and critically revised the manuscript.

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Portugal, Ó.B., Flores-Quispe, M. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in herbal infusion tea bags marketed in Tacna, Peru. Environ Monit Assess 194, 534 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10232-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10232-3

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