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A comparison of stereo-videos and visual census methods for assessing subtropical rocky reef fish assemblage

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Abstract

Visual census conducted by divers has remained the most common method for obtaining quantitative data on reef fish assemblages since it was first applied in the 1950s. More recently, stereo-video systems are increasingly becoming popular as a sampling method to complement underwater visual counts. Understanding which method is more suitable to estimate fish assemblage metrics for particular objectives and hypotheses is important to design effective studies. Here, we compared rocky reef fish assemblage characteristics sampled by diver-based stationary point count and transect visual census, as well as back and forth diver-operated stereo-video systems (stereo-DOVs) and baited remote underwater stereo-video systems (stereo-BRUVs) in a coastal island in Southwestern Atlantic. Diver-based methods sampled a higher richness and abundance of fishery non-target species closely associated with the reef, as well as cryptobenthic small-bodied species. Conversely, stereo-BRUVs’ samples focused more on larger and mobile carnivorous fishery target species of the families Carangidae and Lutjanidae. The stereo-DOV recorded higher species richness compared to other methods and required less sample effort in the field. Limitations faced by the four methods were discussed; however, the higher sampling efficiency of the adapted back and forth stereo-DOVs, combined with the diverse advantages of video techniques, such as permanent record of data and decreased interobserver variability for species identification and estimates of body size, indicates stereo-DOVs as a highly efficient method to assess the entire fish assemblage, across feeding guilds and commercially important species. In addition, when combined with a remote technique, such as stereo-BRUVs, both of these methods efficiently capture estimates of diversity metrics as well as body size information especially for fishery target species in rocky reefs.

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Data availability

All the data used in the present study are stored on GlobalArchive (globalarchive.org) repository.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) for the Animal Care permits, including the permission to observe and assess images within the Tupinambás Ecological Station (#48259-1), as well as for field support. We thank the Universo Marinho Dive Company and the staff for sampling assistance and equipment. We are also thankful to Instituto Biopesca for all the funding management and Alfredo Carvalho Filho for the fish drawings.

Funding

This work was supported by the Boticario Foundation for Nature Protection (Otto B. F. Gadig, Project #1043_20151) and by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil (PhD scholarship, Fernanda A. Rolim, CNPq 141799/2016–1; Research productivity grant, Otto B. F. Gadig, CNPq 308430/2015–8).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil

    Fernanda A. Rolim & Otto B. F. Gadig

  2. Elasmobranch Research Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil

    Fernanda A. Rolim, Pedro F. C. Rodrigues & Otto B. F. Gadig

  3. Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia

    Tim Langlois

  4. Department of Environmental Sciences, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Três Rios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Leonardo M. Neves

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  1. Fernanda A. Rolim
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Correspondence to Fernanda A. Rolim.

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A portion of this research was part of a PhD thesis from Rolim FA (2019) entitled “Effects of no-take marine reserves on fish assemblages in Brazil: an assessment using stereo-videos” from the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), available at https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/182582/rolim_fa_dr_rcla.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=4, but it has not been published in any form elsewhere. All authors agree to the submission, and we have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Rolim, F.A., Rodrigues, P.F.C., Langlois, T. et al. A comparison of stereo-videos and visual census methods for assessing subtropical rocky reef fish assemblage. Environ Biol Fish 105, 413–429 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-022-01240-w

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