Abstract
Triple-frequency global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) observations arise new benefits in GNSS data processing, particularly in the carrier phase cycle slip detection. Although several triple-frequency cycle slip detection algorithms have been proposed from different perspectives, most of them are designed for a particular frequency combination. How to construct the optimal linear combination for cycle slip detection has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we reviewed the cycle slip detection problem and proposed the linear combination gain (LCG) concept, which makes different test statistics comparable. In addition, we identified a triplet of optimal linear combinations by optimizing the LCG of the combinations and a larger LCG has better cycle slip detection performance. The identified optimal linear combinations are applicable to different constellations and frequency combinations. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated with real GNSS data from the international GNSS service (IGS) network and compared with three representative triple-frequency cycle slip detection methods in the solar active period. These methods were validated using three different experiments: random cycle slip test, insensitive cycle slip test and real data test. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm achieves larger LCG values than the comparison methods, with an overall mean improvement of 37.99%, indicating a better cycle slip detectability. In addition, the proposed method outperforms the other three well-known triple-frequency cycle slip detection methods in terms of lower miss detection and lower false alarm.
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Data availability
The IGS data used in this study are acquired from the CDDIS (https://cddis.nasa.gov) via registration. Ionospheric activity can be obtained according to the Kp index at the website ftp://ftp.gfz-potsdam.de/pub/home/obs/kp-ap/.
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Acknowledgements
This research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 42074036, 41904038) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No: 2042022dx0001).
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HZ wrote the main manuscript text. LW provided guidance on the logic, figures and tables of the manuscript. WF, TL, WL prepared figures 1–3. RC provided guidance on the structure of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Zhou, H., Wang, L., Fu, W. et al. Real-time GNSS triple-frequency cycle slip detection using three optimal linear combinations. GPS Solut 27, 142 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01482-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01482-w