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Molecular evolution and characterization of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated in Bei**g, China, during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 influenza seasons

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Abstract

We investigated and analysed the molecular evolution of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 influenza seasons in Bei**g, China. We collected and extracted RNA from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains from Peking University People’s Hospital and analyzed their HA and NA genes by RT-PCR and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA sequences was used to compare the amino acid sequences of 51 strains with those of reference strains. All strains belonged to subclade 6B.1, with S162N and I216T substitutions (H1 numbering). Our strains differed from strain A/Michigan/45/2015, with the substitutions S91R, S181T and I312V in the HA antigenic epitope. An E189G mutation was detected in the 190 helix of the receptor binding region of HA. A new potential glycosylation site, 179 (NQT), which was not detected before the 2015 influenza season, was identified. Two strains were mutated at I223, the NA inhibitor resistance site. During 2012-2019, amino acids of HA and NA mutated over time. Co-occurrence mutations N146D, S200P, S202I and A273T in HA appeared along with Q51K, F74S and D416N in NA in six strains during two influenza seasons. Our work reveals the molecular changes and phylogenetic characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and suggests that a vaccine probably provides suboptimal protection. The biological characteristics of the new glycosylation and drug-resistance sites detected in this work need to be studied further. The co-occurrence of mutations in HA and NA might affect the characteristics of the virus and need to be given more attention.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the doctors in the Department of Infectious Disease of PKUPH for recruiting patients and collecting nasal specimens. We also thank the laboratory staff in Peking University Hepatology Institute of PKUPH for their guidance.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81541139). The funding sources were not involved.

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Author notes

  1. Baiyi Liu, Yue Wang have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University People’s Hospital, Bei**g, China

    Baiyi Liu, Yue Wang, Yafen Liu, Yuanyuan Chen, Yisi Liu & Yan Gao

  2. Peking University Hepatology Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Bei**g, China

    Xu Cong & Ying Ji

Authors
  1. Baiyi Liu
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  8. Yan Gao
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Contributions

Conceptualization, methodology, and supervision were performed by Yan Gao. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Baiyi Liu. Baiyi Liu, Yue Wang, Yafen Liu, Yisi Liu, and Yuanyuan Chen collected nasal specimens for this research. Xu Cong and Ying Ji provided help with experimental techniques. The original draft of the manuscript was written by Baiyi Liu, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yan Gao.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethics approval

Informed consent was obtained from all patients before collecting nasal samples. This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki Principles, and ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at PKUPH (IRB No. 2016PHB100-01). All analysed data were anonymized.

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Handling Editor: Ayato Takada.

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Liu, B., Wang, Y., Liu, Y. et al. Molecular evolution and characterization of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated in Bei**g, China, during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 influenza seasons. Arch Virol 166, 179–189 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04869-z

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