Introduction

The rapid, portable, sensitive, and inexpensive detection of analytes from complex samples is essential for in vitro diagnostics [2]. It is estimated that improving the technique of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases in develo** countries can annually save at least 1.2 million deaths [3]. Especially when facing the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a rapid and facile screening strategy, which is employed in airports, customs, and community, shows the great significance to prevent epidemic and resume ship** and economic development.

Lateral flow assay (LFA) deployed as point-of-care testing (POCT), owing to its rapidity, simplicity, stability, and visual characteristics [4], has been vital in enabling faster diagnosis, directing medical interventions, and mitigating the transmission of infectious diseases [2].

Conventionally, the results of LFA are read out by naked eyes, by measuring the color change due to the accumulation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This detection strategy is simple and rapid, and the early pregnancy test is the outstanding representative. However, these results are qualitative and lack of sensitivity and may function only for certain applications. As for the detection of critical biochemical markers present in extremely small amounts in a sample, such as myocardial infarction and cancer, these methods do not afford sufficient sensitivity, which restrict their applications. In recent years, the development of new nanomaterials has broadened the type of labels available for LFA to enhance sensitivity. These nanomaterials can be roughly divided into three categories according to the type of readout [5], that is, naked-eye detection, fluorescence detection, and non-optical readout detection. Carbon nanoparticles [6, 7], carbon nanotubes [8, 9], and dye-loaded latex beads [10, 11] can provide an alternative to AuNPs for naked-eye detection. Fluorescent labels are generally recommended for low concentrations of targets and quantitative detection. Suitable fluorescent nanoparticles include fluorescent microspheres (FMs) [12], quantum dots (QDs) [11], upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) [13], and liposomes with fluorescent dyes [14]. LFA with non-optical readout can be comparable with that of LFA with fluorescent labels, such as magnetic nanoparticles [15,16,17] and nanoparticles for electrochemical readings[18,19,20]. However, they either cannot provide a strong signal as AuNPs for naked-eye detection or comes with a higher cost and the need for an external reader.

In order to enhance the signal–noise ratio, a lot of signal amplification methods have been employed in POCT, such as gas-propelled [21, 22], enzyme-mimicking accelerated signal enhancement [23, 24], and cascade amplification [

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Space Medical Experiment Project of China Manned Space Program (HYZHXM04003).

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  1. Bei**g Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Bei**g Institute of Technology, Bei**g, 100081, China

    Yulin Deng, Hao Jiang, **aoqiong Li & Xuefei Lv

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Deng, Y., Jiang, H., Li, X. et al. Recent advances in sensitivity enhancement for lateral flow assay. Microchim Acta 188, 379 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-05037-z

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