Abstract
Increasing air pollution and decreasing exposure to greenness may contribute to the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined associations between long-term exposure to residential greenness and air pollution and MetS incidence in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. Data from 1369 employees (aged 52–71 years) from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand cohort from 2002 to 2017 were analyzed. The greenness level within 500 m of each participant’s residence was measured using the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The kriging approach was used to generate the average concentration of each air pollutant (PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3) at the sub-district level. The average long-term exposure to air pollution and greenness for each participant was calculated over the same period of person-time. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the greenness-air pollution-MetS associations. The adjusted hazard ratio of MetS was 1.42 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 1.53), 1.22 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.30), and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.82, 2.20), per interquartile range increase in PM10 (9.5 μg/m3), SO2 (0.9 ppb), and CO (0.3 ppm), respectively. We found no clear association between NDVI or EVI and the incidence of MetS. On the contrary, the incident MetS was positively associated with NDVI and EVI for participants exposed to PM10 at concentrations more than 50 μg/m3. In summary, the incidence of MetS was positively associated with long-term exposure to air pollution. In areas with high levels of air pollution, green spaces may not benefit health outcomes.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Ramathibodi Hospital, the EGAT and their staffs, and the Pollution Control Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment for providing the essential data for this study’s research.
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This study was funded by the Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University; the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand and the Praman Chansue Foundation; the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University; the Thai Health Foundation; the Thai Heart Association; the Thailand Research Fund; and the National Research Council.
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Kanawat Paoin: conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing—original draft. Chanathip Pharino: supervision, writing—review and editing, and funding acquisition. Prin Vathesatogkit: supervision and funding acquisition. Arthit Phosri: methodology and writing—review and editing. Suhaimee Buya: methodology. Kayo Ueda: supervision and writing—review and editing. Xerxes Tesoro Seposo: methodology, writing—review and editing. Thammasin Ingviya: methodology and writing—review and editing. Krittika Saranburut: data collection and data curation. Nisakron Thongmung: data collection and data curation. Teerapat Yingchoncharoen: supervision. Piyamitr Sritara: supervision and funding acquisition
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Paoin, K., Pharino, C., Vathesatogkit, P. et al. Associations between residential greenness and air pollution and the incident metabolic syndrome in a Thai worker cohort. Int J Biometeorol 67, 1965–1974 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-023-02554-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-023-02554-9