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The Grueneberg ganglion: signal transduction and coding in an olfactory and thermosensory organ involved in the detection of alarm pheromones and predator-secreted kairomones

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Abstract

In numerous mammalian species, the nose harbors several compartments populated by chemosensory cells. Among them, the Grueneberg ganglion (GG) located in the anterior nasal region comprises sensory neurons activated by given substances. In rodents, in which the GG has been best studied, these chemical cues mainly include heterocyclic compounds released by predators or by conspecifics. Since some of these substances evoke fear- or stress-associated responses, the GG is considered as a detector for alerting semiochemicals. In fact, certain behavioral and physiological reactions to alarm pheromones and predator-secreted kairomones are attenuated in the absence of a functional GG. Intriguingly, GG neurons are also stimulated by cool temperatures. Moreover, ambient temperatures modulate olfactory responsiveness in the GG, indicating that cross-talks exist between the transduction pathways mediating chemo- and thermosensory signaling in this organ. In this context, exploring the relevant molecular cascades has demonstrated that some chemosensory transduction elements are also crucial for thermosensory signaling in the GG. Finally, for further processing of sensory information, axons of GG neurons project to the olfactory bulb of the brain where they innervate distinct glomerular structures belonging to the enigmatic necklace glomeruli. In this review, the stimuli activating GG neurons as well as the underlying transduction pathways are summarized. Because these stimuli do not exclusively activate GG neurons but also other sensory cells, the biological relevance of the GG is discussed, with a special focus on the role of the GG in detecting alarm signals.

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Abbreviations

2,3-DMP:

2,3-Dimethylpyrazine

2-EP:

2-Ethylpyrazine

2-PT:

2-Propylthietane

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CNG:

Cyclic nucleotide-gated

CNGA3:

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel A3

GC-G:

Guanylyl cyclase subtype G

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GG:

Grueneberg ganglion

GPCR(s):

G protein-coupled receptor(s)

HEK:

Human embryonic kidney

MOE:

Main olfactory epithelium

OB:

Olfactory bulb

OMP:

Olfactory marker protein

PDE:

Phosphodiesterase

PDE2A:

Phosphodiesterase 2A

PTU:

6-Propyl-2-thiouracil

SBT:

2-S-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole

STFP:

Social transmission of food preference

TAAR(s):

Trace amine-associated receptor(s)

TAS2R/T2R:

Bitter taste receptor

TMT:

2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline

VNO:

Vomeronasal organ

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Acknowledgments

The author is indebted to Heinz Breer and Jürgen Krieger for generous support.

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  1. Institute of Biology and Zoology, Department of Animal Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

    Joerg Fleischer

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Fleischer, J. The Grueneberg ganglion: signal transduction and coding in an olfactory and thermosensory organ involved in the detection of alarm pheromones and predator-secreted kairomones. Cell Tissue Res 383, 535–548 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03380-w

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