Abstract
The prevalence and genetic diversity of the protozoan pathogen Giardia duodenalis have been extensively studied worldwide. There is currently a lack of data regarding the genetic variability of the organism in eastern India. Understanding the circulating genotypes and associated risk factors is crucial for effective planning and implementing control measures. Therefore, the objective of the study was to conduct an epidemiological study to determine the prevalence and identify the various genotypes present. This survey adds to our knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of Giardia genotypes in the studied region. The overall prevalence was found to be 6.8%. This parasitic infection was significantly associated with two age groups, i.e., >0–5 years and >5–12 years. Using a multilocus genoty** method, we genotyped 52 human Giardia isolates that were obtained from diarrheal patients. Two distinct assemblages were found in the population—30.8% belonged to assemblage A; 63.5% belonged to assemblage B, prevalent in the population; and 5.7% belonged to a combined assemblage A+B. Sub-assemblage AII was found in 17.3% of the cases, followed by sub-assemblage AI (13.5%). High levels of genetic diversity were found within the population of assemblage B undergoing balancing selection. Overall, the high prevalence of the parasite observed, particularly among children, raises a major concern and necessitates implementation of robust control measures. Furthermore, we report the presence of numerous unique genotypes, circulating in this limited geographical boundary, which can be useful dataset for future studies.
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Data Availability
Representative sequences obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers: OQ968630–OQ968681, OQ968682–OQ968733, and OQ968734–OQ968785.
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Acknowledgements
The authors extend their appreciation to all the patients who took part in this study. We are also grateful to the hospital staff for their assistance during sample collection and transport.
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This study was supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India, and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED; Grant No.: JP23fk0108683), Japan. Ajanta Ghosal received financial support through the ICMR Fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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The authors confirm their contribution to the article as follows: Ajanta Ghosal: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing of original draft, revision of manuscript; Sanjib K. Sardar: data curation, methodology, revision of Manuscript; Tapas Haldar: formal analysis, visualization; Maimoon Maruf: formal analysis; Yumiko Saito Nakano: validation, investigation; Shanta Dutta: project administration; Tomoyoshi Nozaki: validation; Sandipan Ganguly: conceptualization, formal analysis, validation, visualization, review and editing, investigation and supervision.
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The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of ICMR-NICED (IRB Number: A-1/2015-IEC).
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Written informed consent was taken from all the adult patients and caregivers of the child.
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The authors declare no competing interests.
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Section Editor: Lihua **%20and%20epidemiological%20distribution%20of%20diarrhea-causing%20isolates%20of%20Giardia%20duodenalis%20in%20southeastern%20part%20of%20West%20Bengal%2C%20India&author=Ajanta%20Ghosal%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs00436-023-07956-7©right=The%20Author%28s%29%2C%20under%20exclusive%20licence%20to%20Springer-Verlag%20GmbH%20Germany%2C%20part%20of%20Springer%20Nature&publication=0932-0113&publicationDate=2023-09-08&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions
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Ghosal, A., Sardar, S.K., Haldar, T. et al. Genoty** and epidemiological distribution of diarrhea-causing isolates of Giardia duodenalis in southeastern part of West Bengal, India. Parasitol Res 122, 2567–2584 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07956-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07956-7