Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been implicated in schizophrenia (SZ) pathology, based on antipsychotic action therein. However, recent imaging studies suggest that the NAcc may not be a locus of dopamine dysregulation in SZ. This study examined postmortem human tissue to determine if abnormalities are present in dopamine synthesis in the NAcc in SZ. We compared the immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting synthesizing enzyme of dopamine, in postmortem tissue from SZ subjects and demographically matched controls. To study the effects of chronic antipsychotic drug (APD) treatment on TH immunolabeling in the NAcc, rats were treated for 6 months with haloperidol or olanzapine. In the NAcc, TH immunolabeling was similar in control and SZ subjects, in both the core and shell. Rats had similar TH optical density levels across treatment groups in both the core and shell. Similar levels of TH suggest DA synthesis may be normal. These findings provide further insight into the role of the NAcc in SZ.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00429-015-1174-9/MediaObjects/429_2015_1174_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00429-015-1174-9/MediaObjects/429_2015_1174_Fig2_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akil M, Edgar CL, Pierri JN, Casali S, Lewis DA (2000) Decreased density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons in the entorhinal cortex of schizophrenic subjects. Biol Psychiatry 47(5):361–370
Bacopoulos N, Bhatnagar R (1977) Correlation between tyrosine hydroxylase activity and catecholamine concentration or turnover in brain regions. J Neurochem 29:639–643
Ballmaier M, Schlagenhauf F, Toga AW, Gallinat J, Koslowski M, Zoli M, Hojatkashani C, Narr KL, Heinz A (2008) Regional patterns and clinical correlates of basal ganglia morphology in non-medicated schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 106(2–3):140–147
Beckmann H, Lauer M (1997) The human striatum in schizophrenia. II. Increased number of striatal neurons in schizophrenics. Psychiatr Res 68(2-3):99–109
Betarbet R, Turner R, Chockkan V, DeLong MR, Allers KA, Walters J, Levey AI, Greenamyre JT (1997) Dopaminergic neurons intrinsic to the primate striatum. J Neurosci 17(17):6761–6768
Bird ED, Spokes EG, Iversen LL (1979) Increased dopamine concentration in limbic areas of brain from patients dying with schizophrenia. Brain 102:347–360
Blaha CD, Yang CR, Floresco SB, Barr AM, Phillips AG (1997) Stimulation of the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus evokes glutamate receptor-mediated changes in dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur J Neurosci 9:902–911
Bocklisch C, Pascoli V, Wong J, House D, Yvon C, Roo M et al (2013) Cocaine disinhibits dopamine neurons by potentiation of GABA transmission in the ventral tegmental area. Science 341:1521–1525
Boley AM, Perez SM, Lodge DJ (2014) A fundamental role for hippocampal parvalbumin in the dopamine hyperfunction associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 157:238–243
Brauer K, Häußer M, Härtig W, Arendt T (2000) The core–shell dichotomy of nucleus accumbens in the rhesus monkey as revealed by double-immunofluorescence and morphology of cholinergic interneurons. Brain Res 858:151–162
Crow TJ, Baker HF, Cross AJ, Joseph MH, Lofthouse R, Longden A et al (1979) Monoamine mechanisms in chronic schizophrenia: post-mortem neurochemical findings. Br J Psych 134:249–256
Demjaha A, Murray R, McGuire P, Kapur S, Howes O (2012) Dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 169:1203–1210
Deutch AY, Cameron DS (1992) Pharmacological characterization of dopamine systems in the nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 46:49–56
Deutch AY, Lee MC, Iadarola MJ (1992) Regionally specific effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on striatal Fos expression: the nucleus accumbens shell as a locus of antipsychotic action. Mol Cell Neurosci 3:332–341
Dubach M, Schmidt R, Kunkel D, Bowden DM, Martin R, German DC (1987) Primate neostriatal neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase: immunohistochemical evidence. Neurosci Lett 75:205–210
Ebdrup BH, Skimminge A, Rasmussen H, Aggernaes B, Oranje B, Lublin H, Baaré W, Glenthøj B (2010) Progressive striatal and hippocampal volume loss in initially antipsychotic-naive, first-episode schizophrenia patients treated with quetiapine: relationship to dose and symptoms. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14(1):69–82
Fallon JH, Moore RY (1978) Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain IV: topography of the dopamine projection to the basal forebrain and neostriatum. J Comp Neurol 180:545–580
Farley IJ, Price KS, Hornykiewicz O (1977) Dopamine in the limbic regions of the human brain: normal and abnormal. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 16:57–64
French S, Totterdell S (2004) Quantification of morphological differences in boutons from different afferent populations to the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1007:167–177
Fusar-Poli P, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2013) Striatal presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia, Part I: meta-analysis of dopamine active transporter (DAT) density. Schizophr Bull 39(1):22–32
Grace A (2000) Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 31:330–341
Grace AA, Bunney BS (1985) Opposing effects of striatonigral feedback pathways on midbrain dopamine cell activity. Brain Res 333:271–284
Gunduz H, Wu H, Ashtari M, Bogerts B, Crandall D, Robinson DG, Alvir J, Lieberman J, Kane J, Bilder R (2002) Basal ganglia volumes in first-episode schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects. Biol Psychiatry 51(10):801–808
Haber SN (2003) The primate basal ganglia: parallel and intergrative networks. J Chem Neuroanat 26(4):317–330
Haber S, Fudge J, McFarland N (2000) Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci 20:2369–2382
Hefti F, Melamed E, Wurtman RJ (1980) Partial lesions of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system in rat brain: biochemical characterization. Brain Res 195:123–137
Hetey L, Schwitzkowsky R, Ott T, Barz H (1991) Diminished synaptosomal dopamine (DA) release and DA autoreceptor supersensitivity in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 83(1–2):25–35
Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin M-CC, Murray RM, Valli I, Tabraham P et al (2009) Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Pychiatry 66:13–20
Howes O, Bose S, Turkheimer F, Valli I, Egerton A, Valmaggia L et al (2011) Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18 F]-DOPA PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 168:1311–1317
Howes OD, Williams M, Ibrahim K, Leung G, Egerton A, McGuire PK, Turkheimer F (2013) Midbrain dopamine function in schizophrenia and depression: a post-mortem and positron emission tomographic imaging study. Brain 136(Pt 11):3242–3251
Kegeles L, Abi-Dargham A, Zea-Ponce Y, Rodenhiser-Hill J, Mann J, Heertum R et al (2000) Modulation of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release by ketamine in humans: implications for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 48:627–640
Kegeles L, Abi-Dargham A, Frankle W, Gil R, Cooper T, Slifstein M et al (2010) Increased synaptic dopamine function in associative regions of the striatum in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:231–239
Kreczmanski P, Heinsen H, Mantua V, Woltersdorf F, Masson T, Ulfig N, Schmidt-Kastner R, Korr H, Steinbusch HW, Hof PR, Schmitz C (2007) Volume, neuron density and total neuron number in five subcortical regions in schizophrenia. Brain 130(Pt 3):678–692
Kuepper R, Skinbjerg M, Abi-Dargham A (2012) The dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia revisited: new insights into topography and course. Handb Exp Pharmacol 212:1–26
Lahti AC, Holcomb HH, Weiler MA, Medoff DR, Tamminga CA (2003) Functional effects of antipsychotic drugs: comparing clozapine with haloperidol. Biol Psychiatry 53(7):601–608
Lahti AC, Weiler MA, Medoff DR, Tamminga CA, Holcomb HH (2005) Functional effects of single dose first- and second-generation antipsychotic administration in subjects with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 139(1):19–30
Lahti AC, Weiler MA, Holcomb HH, Tamminga CA, Cropsey KL (2009) Modulation of limbic circuitry predicts treatment response to antipsychotic medication: a functional imaging study in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 34(13):2675–2690
Lauer M, Senitz D, Beckmann H (2001) Increased volume of the nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm 108(6):645–660
Legault M, Wise RA (1999) Injections of N-methyl-d-aspartate into the ventral hippocampus increase extracellular dopamine in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Synapse 31:241–249
Lodge D, Grace A (2007) Aberrant hippocampal activity underlies the dopamine dysregulation in an animal model of schizophrenia. J Neurosci 27:11424–11430
Lodge D, Grace A (2011) Hippocampal dysregulation of dopamine system function and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 32:507–513
Mackay AV, Iversen LL, Rossor M, Spokes E, Bird E, Arregui A et al (1982) Increased brain dopamine and dopamine receptors in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:991–997
Marchese G, Casu M, Bartholini F, Ruiu S, Saba P, Gessa G et al (2002) Sub-chronic treatment with classical but not atypical antipsychotics produces morphological changes in rat nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons directly related to “early onset” vacuous chewing. Eur J Neurosci 15:1187–1196
Matthews M, Bondi C, Torres G, Moghaddam B (2013) Reduced presynaptic dopamine activity in adolescent dorsal striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(7):1344–1351
McCollum LA, Walker CK, McCullumsmith RE, Roberts RC (2014) Tyrosine hydroxylase levels in the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens in postmortem schizophrenia (abstract). In: Society of Biological Psychiatry Annual Meeting; New York
McCollum LA, Walker CK, Roche JK, Roberts RC (2015) Elevated excitatory input to the nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia: a postmortem ultrastructural study. Schizophr Bull 41:1123–1132
Melendez-Ferro M, Rice MW, Roberts RC, Perez-Costas E (2012) Dual use of immunohistochemistry for film densitometry and light microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 208:86–91
Merchant K, Dorsa D (1993) Differential induction of neurotensin and c-fos gene expression by typical versus atypical antipsychotics. Proc Nat Acad Sci 90:3447–3451
Meredith GE, Pattiselanno A, Groenewegen HJ, Haber SN (1996) Shell and core in monkey and human nucleus accumbens identified with antibodies to calbindin-D28k. J Comp Neurol 365:628–639
Miller DW, Abercrombie ED (1996) Effects of MK-801 on spontaneous and amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release in striatum measured with in vivo microdialysis in awake rats. Brain Res Bull 40:57–62
Miyake N, Thompson J, Skinbjerg M, Abi-Dargham A (2011) Presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia. CNS Neurosci Ther 17:104–109
O’Donnell P, Grace AA (1995) Synaptic interactions among excitatory afferents to nucleus accumbens neurons: hippocampal gating of prefrontal cortical input. J Neurosci 15:3622–3639
Owen F, Cross AJ, Crow TJ, Longden A, Poulter M, Riley GJ (1978) Increased dopamine-receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Lancet 2:223–226
Pakkenberg B (1990) Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47(11):1023–1028
Perez-Costas E, Guidetti P, Melendez-Ferro M, Kelley JJ, Roberts RC (2008) Neuroleptics and animal models: feasibility of oral treatment monitored by plasma levels and receptor occupancy assays. J Neural Transm 115:745–753
Rice MW, Roberts RC, Perez-Costas E, Melendez-Ferro M (2014) Map** dopaminergic deficiencies in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area in schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct (Epub ahead of print)
Rimol LM, Hartberg CB, Nesvåg R, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ Jr, Pung CJ, Jennings RG, Haukvik UK, Lange E, Nakstad PH, Melle I, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Agartz I (2010) Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 68(1):41–50
Roberts RC, Force M, Kung L (2002) Dopaminergic synapses in the matrix of the ventrolateral striatum after chronic haloperidol treatment. Synapse 45(2):78–85
Roberts R, Roche J, Conley R, Lahti A (2009) Dopaminergic synapses in the caudate of subjects with schizophrenia: relationship to treatment response. Synapse 63:520–530
Robertson GS, Fibiger HC (1992) Neuroleptics increase c-fos expression in the forebrain: contrasting effects of haloperidol and clozapine. Neuroscience 46:315–328
Robertson GS, Staines WA (1994) D1 dopamine receptor agonist-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity occurs in basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum cholinergic neurons and striatal neurons immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y. Neuroscience 59(2):375–387
Spoletini I, Cherubini A, Banfi G, Rubino IA, Peran P, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G (2011) Hippocampi, thalami, and accumbens microstructural damage in schizophrenia: a volumetry, diffusivity, and neuropsychological study. Schizophr Bull 37(1):118–130
Toru M, Nishikawa T, Mataga N, Takashima M (1982) Dopamine metabolism increases in post-mortem schizophrenic basal ganglia. J Neural Transm 54:181–191
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the staff of the Maryland Brain Collection for their assistance with collection of the human tissue used in this study. We would also like to thank Charlotte Hammond and Joy Roche for the care and treatment of the rats, and collection of rat tissue, used in this study. This research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health F31MH098566 (LAM), RO1MH066123 (RCR), and MH087752 (REM and RCR).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McCollum, L.A., McCullumsmith, R.E. & Roberts, R.C. Tyrosine hydroxylase localization in the nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 221, 4451–4458 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1174-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-015-1174-9