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Spodoptera litura-mediated chemical defense is differentially modulated in older and younger systemic leaves of Solanum lycopersicum

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Abstract

Main conclusion

Metabolite profiling, biochemical assays, and transcript analysis revealed differential modulation of specific induced defense responses in local, older, and younger systemic leaves in Solanum lycopersicum upon Spodoptera litura herbivory.

Plants reconfigure their metabolome upon herbivory to induce production of defense metabolites involved in both direct and indirect defenses against insect herbivores. Herbivory mediated leaf-to-leaf systemic induction pattern of primary and non-volatile secondary metabolites is not well studied in tomato. Here, we show that, in cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum herbivory by generalist insect, Spodoptera litura results in differential alteration of primary metabolites, majorly sugars and amino acids and specific secondary metabolites in local, younger, and older systemic leaves. Cluster analysis of 55 metabolites identified by GC–MS showed correlation between local and younger systemic leaves. Re-allocation of primary metabolites like glucose and amino acids from the local to systemic leaf was observed. Secondary metabolites chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechin were significantly induced during herbivory in systemic leaves. Among specific secondary metabolites, chlorogenic acid and catechin significantly inhibits S. litura larval growth in all stages. Local leaf exhibited increased lignin accumulation upon herbivory. Differential alteration of induced defense responses like reactive oxygen species, polyphenol oxidase activity, proteinase inhibitor, cell wall metabolites, and lignin accumulation was observed in systemic leaves. The metabolite alteration also resulted in increased defense in systemic leaves. Thus, comparative analysis of metabolites in local and systemic leaves of tomato revealed a constant re-allocation of primary metabolites to systemic leaves and differential induction of secondary metabolites and induced defenses upon herbivory.

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Abbreviations

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

HPLC–PDA:

High-performance liquid chromatography–photo diode array detector

CGA:

Chlorogenic acid

CA:

Caffeic acid

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

PPO:

Polyphenol oxidase

PI :

Proteinase inhibitor

CAD :

Cinnamoyl alcohol dehydrogenase

DAB:

3, 3′-Diaminobenzidine

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Department of Biotechnology (DBT), India, through NIPGR Core Grant and BIOCARE Grant, and Max Planck partner group program of the Max Planck Society (Germany) for funding this work. We also acknowledge National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore for the initial batch of S. litura eggs (National Accession No. is: NBAII-MP-NOC-02), Pradeep Kumar Maurya (NIPGR) for rearing Spodoptera, NIPGR central instrumentation and phytotron facility, JNU advanced instrumentation facility for mass spectrometry, and DBT-eLibrary Consortium (DeLCON) for providing access to e-resources.

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  1. National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P.O. Box 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Anish Kundu, Shruti Mishra & Jyothilakshmi Vadassery

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Kundu, A., Mishra, S. & Vadassery, J. Spodoptera litura-mediated chemical defense is differentially modulated in older and younger systemic leaves of Solanum lycopersicum. Planta 248, 981–997 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2953-3

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