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The impact of intensified training with a high or moderate carbohydrate feeding strategy on resting and exercise-induced oxidative stress

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European Journal of Applied Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

This study investigated the impact of intensified training (IT) and carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on resting and exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Methods

Male cyclists (n = 13, mean ± SD: age 25 ± 6 years; \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} }\) 72 ± 5 ml/kg/min) undertook two 9 day periods of endurance-based IT. In a counter-balanced, crossover and double-blinded study design, participants completed IT whilst ingesting high (H-CHO) or moderate (M-CHO) CHO beverages before (H-CHO: 24 g vs. M-CHO: 2 g), during (H-CHO: 60 g/h vs. M-CHO: 20 g/h) and after training sessions (H-CHO: 44 g vs. M-CHO: 10 g). Participants completed fasted performance trials without CHO on days 2, 6 and 10. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise to assess plasma oxidative stress.

Results

Resting thiol (-SH) and catalase (CAT) activities decreased following 6 days of IT, independent of CHO condition [-SH (μM oxidised NADPH): H-CHO—14.0 ± 18.8, M-CHO—20.4 ± 20.3 and CAT (nmol/min/ml): H-CHO 12.5 ± 12.5, M-CHO 6.0 ± 4.5; all p < 0.05]. Resting total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was reduced after IT in M-CHO. All exercise bouts elicited significant increases in CAT, TAC, protein carbonylation (PC) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), independent of CHO condition (p < 0.05). The magnitude of increase in PC and LOOH was greater on days 6 and 10 compared to day 2 in both conditions.

Conclusions

Short-term IT caused reductions in resting antioxidant capacity in trained cyclists. Exercise-induced increases in PC and LOOH were exaggerated as a result of IT; however, these responses were independent of carbohydrate intake before, during and after the preceding IT sessions.

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Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CAT:

Catalase activity

M-CHO:

Moderate carbohydrate group

CV:

Coefficient of variance

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNPH:

Dinitrophenylhydrazine

ELISA:

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

FRAP:

Ferric reducing ability of plasma

H-CHO:

High carbohydrate group

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HRMAX :

Maximum heart rate

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

IT:

Intensified training

LOOH:

Lipid hydroperoxides

NaCl:

Sodium chloride

NADH:

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

OT:

Overtraining

PC:

Protein carbonyl

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SD:

Standard deviation

TAC:

Total antioxidant capacity

TBS:

Tris-buffered saline

-SH:

Total thiol activity

VCO2 :

Carbon dioxide production

VO2 :

Oxygen consumption

VO2max :

Maximum oxygen consumption

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Acknowledgments

Professor Michael Gleeson, Dr. Sophie Killer and Ida Svendsen were involved in the conception and design of the investigation. This study formed part of a larger investigation that assessed parameters of hormonal balance and immune function (Killer et al. 2014b; Svendsen et al. 2014) and in addition, the quality of sleep during short-term intensified training was monitored (Killer et al. 2014a). Changes in resting and exercise-induced oxidative stress were retrospective analyses proposed by Dr. Alex Wadley. All data collection was carried out by Dr. Sophie Killer and Ida Svendsen. All laboratory and statistical analysis were performed by Dr. Alex Wadley. Drafting of the article was by Dr. Alex Wadley and editing of the final version was carried out by all authors. This work was partially funded by the Gatorade Sports Science Institute, a division of PepsiCo Inc. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not represent the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc.

Conflict of interest

None of the authors declare a conflict of interest.

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Author notes

  1. Alex J. Wadley

    Present address: Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, England, UK

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, England, UK

    Alex J. Wadley, Sophie C. Killer, Ida S. Svendsen & Michael Gleeson

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  1. Alex J. Wadley
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Correspondence to Alex J. Wadley.

Additional information

Communicated by Anni Vanhatalo.

All work was undertaken at Loughborough University, UK.

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Wadley, A.J., Killer, S.C., Svendsen, I.S. et al. The impact of intensified training with a high or moderate carbohydrate feeding strategy on resting and exercise-induced oxidative stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 115, 1757–1767 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3162-4

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