Abstract
We studied diamond inclusions in the 133 Ma Lace kimberlite of the Kroonstad Group II kimberlite cluster (Kaapvaal craton) to compare them to diamonds beneath the adjacent coeval Voorspoed kimberlite. The studied 288 Lace diamonds are mostly colorless dodecahedral Type IaAB. Based on diamond inclusions (DI), 38 Lace diamonds were classified as eclogitic (44%, 19 samples), peridotitic (35%, 15 samples), and websteritic (9%, 4 samples). The diamonds formed from mantle carbon (δ13C = − 9.1 to − 2.5 ‰ for 18 samples), with the exception of one eclogitic diamond (δ13C = − 19.2 ‰). A rare zircon inclusion provides age constraints for the Lace eclogite protolith at 3.2 ± 0.4 Ga (Lu–Hf model age) and Lace eclogite diamond formation at 188 ± 37 Ma (U–Pb age). The eclogite protolith age suggests its formation contemporaneous with the lower crustal magmatism and metamorphism in the Central Kaapvaal craton, complementary to the tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite magmatism in the region and synchronous with the consolidation of the Eastern Kaapvaal Block. Two distinct kinds of eclogites are found to host Lace diamonds, (1) Fe-rich eclogites located at 160–190 km, and (2) more calcic–magnesian eclogites with mineral compositions identical to websteritic DIs, that derive from shallower lithospheric depths. Various thermobarometric methods applied to Lace diamonds and DIs constrain the Lace geotherm as reflecting a surface heat flow below or equal to 38 mW/m2 and a lithosphere thickness of at least 220 km, at the time of kimberlite eruption. These thermal parameters demonstrate an excellent match between the thermal state of the Voorspoed and Lace mantle segments that persisted from the Archean to Cretaceous times. The Lace peridotitic-to-eclogitic diamond ratio (5/4) does not differ much from the Voorspoed DI ratio (6/4), but a hot and spatially restricted carbonatitic metasomatism event affected the Voorspoed peridotitic mantle to create the majority of Voorspoed diamonds. The contrast in the mineralogy of DIs in Lace and Voorspoed diamonds highlights the very local (ca. 10 km) extent of the metasomatism and heating, as well as the variability of the diamond-forming processes at the same spatial scale.
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Acknowledgements
Korolev N, Smith EM, and Lu J are thanked for their guidance on diamond polishing. Karaevangelou M is also grateful for the help of Czech E, Amini M, Lai MY, Kato L, and McMillan R on Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EMPA, and LA-ICPMS. Carbon isotope analysis of diamond is supported under the state assignment of IGM SB RAS at the Center for Collective Use of Multi-Element and Isotopic Analysis of the SB RAS at Novosibirsk, Russia. We are grateful to Aulbach S, Nimis P, and Viljoen KS for their constructive reviews.
Funding
The study was funded by the CREATE Diamond Exploration and Research Training School as a fellowship to Karaevangelou M and a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Discovery Grant to Kopylova MG.
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Karaevangelou, M., Kopylova, M.G., Luo, Y. et al. Mineral inclusions in Lace diamonds and the mantle beneath the Kroonstad kimberlite cluster in South Africa. Contrib Mineral Petrol 177, 20 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01880-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01880-8