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A comparison of principal component analysis, partial least-squares and reduced-rank regressions in the identification of dietary patterns associated with bone mass in ageing Australians

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Abstract

Purpose

The relative advantages of dietary analysis methods, particularly in identifying dietary patterns associated with bone mass, have not been investigated. We evaluated principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares (PLS) and reduced-rank regressions (RRR) in determining dietary patterns associated with bone mass.

Methods

Data from 1182 study participants (45.9% males; aged 50 years and above) from the North West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS) were used. Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary patterns were constructed using PCA, PLS and RRR and compared based on the performance to identify plausible patterns associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC).

Results

PCA, PLS and RRR identified two, four and four dietary patterns, respectively. All methods identified similar patterns for the first two factors (factor 1, “prudent” and factor 2, “western” patterns). Three, one and none of the patterns derived by RRR, PLS and PCA were significantly associated with bone mass, respectively. The “prudent” and dairy (factor 3) patterns determined by RRR were positively and significantly associated with BMD and BMC. Vegetables and fruit pattern (factor 4) of PLS and RRR was negatively and significantly associated with BMD and BMC, respectively.

Conclusions

RRR was found to be more appropriate in identifying more (plausible) dietary patterns that are associated with bone mass than PCA and PLS. Nevertheless, the advantage of RRR over the other two methods (PCA and PLS) should be confirmed in future studies.

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Abbreviations

AIC:

Akaike's information criterion

BMC:

Bone mineral content

BMD:

Bone mineral density

BMI:

Body mass index

CATI:

Computer assisted telephone interview

DQES:

Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies

DXA:

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

EFA:

Explanatory factor analyses

FFQ:

Food frequency questionnaire

KMO:

Kaiser–Mayer–Olkin

NHS:

National Health Survey

NWAHS:

North West Adelaide Health Study

PLS:

Partial least-squares

PAL:

Physical activity level

PCA:

Principal component analysis

RRR:

Reduced-rank regression

sTOFHLA:

Short test of functional health literacy in adults

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to NWAHS participants for their participation in the study. We are grateful for the support provided by Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. The NWAHS was funded by The University of Adelaide, the South Australian Department of Health and The Queen Elizabeth Hospital for which the authors are grateful.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Population Research and Outcome Studies, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia

    Yohannes Adama Melaku, Tiffany K. Gill, Anne W. Taylor & Zumin Shi

  2. Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5011, Australia

    Robert Adams

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  1. Yohannes Adama Melaku
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  2. Tiffany K. Gill
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  4. Robert Adams
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Contributions

Authors’ contribution

YAM, TKG, RA and ZS conceived the study. YAM conducted all analyses and wrote all drafts of the paper. ZS assisted with analysis and reviewed and provided comment on all drafts. TKG, AWT and RA reviewed and commented on all drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yohannes Adama Melaku.

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The authors have no financial or personal conflicts of interest to declare.

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Melaku, Y.A., Gill, T.K., Taylor, A.W. et al. A comparison of principal component analysis, partial least-squares and reduced-rank regressions in the identification of dietary patterns associated with bone mass in ageing Australians. Eur J Nutr 57, 1969–1983 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1478-z

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