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Bone marrow derived stem cells in joint and bone diseases: a concise review

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Abstract

Stem cells have huge applications in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Their use is currently not restricted to the life-threatening diseases but also extended to disorders involving the structural tissues, which may not jeopardize the patients’ life, but certainly influence their quality of life. In fact, a particularly popular line of research is represented by the regeneration of bone and cartilage tissues to treat various orthopaedic disorders. Most of these pioneering research lines that aim to create new treatments for diseases that currently have limited therapies are still in the bench of the researchers. However, in recent years, several clinical trials have been started with satisfactory and encouraging results. This article aims to review the concept of stem cells and their characterization in terms of site of residence, differentiation potential and therapeutic prospective. In fact, while only the bone marrow was initially considered as a “reservoir” of this cell population, later, adipose tissue and muscle tissue have provided a considerable amount of cells available for multiple differentiation. In reality, recently, the so-called “stem cell niche” was identified as the perivascular space, recognizing these cells as almost ubiquitous. In the field of bone and joint diseases, their potential to differentiate into multiple cell lines makes their application ideally immediate through three main modalities: (1) cells selected by withdrawal from bone marrow, subsequent culture in the laboratory, and ultimately transplant at the site of injury; (2) bone marrow aspirate, concentrated and directly implanted into the injury site; (3) systemic mobilization of stem cells and other bone marrow precursors by the use of growth factors. The use of this cell population in joint and bone disease will be addressed and discussed, analysing both the clinical outcomes but also the basic research background, which has justified their use for the treatment of bone, cartilage and meniscus tissues.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Marco Forni (MD) for cytological and histological assistance, and critical observations. We would also like to thank Radhika Srinivasan, PhD, for precious editing of the manuscript.

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The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

    Antonio Marmotti, Davide Edoardo Bonasia, Matteo Bruzzone, Roberto Rossi, Federico Dettoni & Filippo Castoldi

  2. Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy

    Antonio Marmotti & Silvia Mattia

  3. IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy

    Laura de Girolamo & Giuseppe Peretti

  4. Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Angela Montaruli & Giuseppe Peretti

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  1. Antonio Marmotti
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Marmotti, A., de Girolamo, L., Bonasia, D.E. et al. Bone marrow derived stem cells in joint and bone diseases: a concise review. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 38, 1787–1801 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-014-2445-4

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