Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is used for the characterization of electrochemical systems as well as for the monitoring of bioprocesses. However, the data obtained using this technique allow multiple interpretations, depending on the methodology implemented. Hence, it is necessary to establish a robust methodology to reliably follow-up biomass in fermentations. In the present work, two methodological approaches, mainly used for the characterization of electrochemical systems, were employed to characterize and determine a frequency that allows the monitoring of biomass in Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations by impedance spectroscopy. The first approach, based on a conventional analysis, revealed a single distribution with a characteristic frequency of around 2 kHz. In contrast, the second approach, based on the distribution of relaxation times, gave three distributions (A, B, and C). The C distribution, found near 9 kHz, was more related to the microbial biomass than the distribution at 2 kHz using the equivalent circuits. The time course of the B. thuringiensis fermentation was followed; bacilli, spores, glucose, and acid and base consumption for pH were determined out of line; and capacitance at 9 kHz was monitored. The correlation between the time course data and the capacitance profile indicated that the monitoring of B. thuringiensis at 9 kHz mainly corresponds to extracellular activity and, in a second instance, to the cellular concentration. These results show that it is necessary to establish a robust and reliable methodology to monitor fermentation processes by impedance spectroscopy, and the distribution of relaxation times was more appropriate.
Key points
• Application of impedance spectroscopy for bioprocess monitoring
• Low-frequency monitoring of biomass in fermentations
• Analysis of impedance data by two methodological approaches
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Data availability
The data sets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Code availability
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Author A. Diaz-Pacheco acknowledges the scholarship number 703626 granted by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for PhD studies. We acknowledge the technical assistance provided by David Flores Rojas and Juan Sánchez Labrada from the Pilot Plant of Fermentations of CINVESTAV-IPN.
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AD and VL conceived and designed research. AD and SM conducted experiments. FM contributed with analytical tools. RD, JD, and CL analyzed data. AD wrote the manuscript All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Díaz Pacheco, A., Delgado-Macuil, R.J., Larralde-Corona, C.P. et al. Two-methods approach to follow up biomass by impedance spectroscopy: Bacillus thuringiensis fermentations as a study model. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 106, 1097–1112 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11768-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11768-7