Abstract
A novel strain capable of degrading triclosan was isolated from the acclimated activated sludge and identified to be Dyella sp. WW1 based on 16S rDNA analysis. The effect of initial concentration of triclosan (0.2, 1, 5, and 10 mg/L), temperature (15, 25, and 35 °C), pH (5, 7, and 9), and additional carbon source on the degradation of triclosan was investigated in a mineral medium. The results showed that Dyella sp. WW1 can use triclosan as sole carbon source and degrade it when initial triclosan concentration was in the range of 0.2–10 mg/L. The optimal condition for Dyella sp. WW1 to degrade triclosan was 15 °C and pH 7. TOC removal efficiency was more than 90%. Dyella sp. WW1 can degrade 3,5-dichloro-4-hydrobenzoic via co-metabolism in the presence of triclosan, but cannot degrade trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, and diclofenac. In the presence of glucose, Dyella sp. WW1 firstly utilized glucose to synthesize the biomass and then degraded triclosan. When triclosan concentration decreased to an extent (1.2 mg/L in this study), Dyella sp. WW1 started to use glucose again. The wastewater components did not significantly affect the activity of Dyella sp. WW1 to degrade triclosan. During the biodegradation process, six metabolite products were identified. Based on the metabolites, two degradation pathways were tentatively proposed. In summary, Dyella sp. WW1 could be used for degrading triclosan in the real wastewater.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armstrong DL, Lozano N, Rice CP, Ramire M, Torrents A (2017) Degradation of triclosan and triclocarban and formation of transformation products in activated sludge using benchtop bioreactors. Environ Res 161:17–25
Bai XL, Acharya K (2016) Removal of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan by the green alga Nannochloris sp. J Hazard Mater 315:70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.067
Boyd EM, Killham K, Meharg AA (2001) Toxicity of mono-, di- and tri-chlorophenols to lux marked terrestrial bacteria, Burkholderia species Rasc c2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Chemosphere 43(2):157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00266-6
Chen X, Nielsen JL, Furgal K, Liu Y, Lolas IB, Kai B (2011) Biodegradation of triclosan and formation of methyl-triclosan in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Chemosphere 84(4):452–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.042
Chen X, Richard J, Liu Y, Dopp E, Tuerk J, Kai B (2012) Ozonation products of triclosan in advanced wastewater treatment. Water Res 46(7):2247–2256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.039
Ciusa ML, Furi L, Knight D, Decorosi F, Fondi M, Raggi C, Coelho JR, Aragones L, Moce L, Visa P (2012) A novel resistance mechanism to triclosan that suggests horizontal gene transfer and demonstrates a potential selective pressure for reduced biocide susceptibility in clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Ag 40(3):210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.04.021
Cha DK, Jenkins D, Lewis WP, William P, Kido WH (1992) Process control factors influencing Nocardia populations in activated sludge. Water Environ Res 64(1):37–43. https://doi.org/10.2175/WER.64.1.6
Ertit TB, Dönmez G (2015 )Biodegradation of pesticide triclosan by A. versicolor in simulated wastewater and emi-synthetic media. Pestic Biochem Phys 118:33–37
Gao H, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhou X (2016) Sulfate radicals induced degradation of triclosan in thermally activated persulfate system. Chem Eng J 306:522–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.080
Hollender J, Zimmermann SG, Koepke S, Krauss M, Mcardell CS, Ort C, Singer H, Von GU, Siegrist H (2009) Elimination of organic micropollutants in a municipal wastewater treatment plant upgraded with a full-scale post-ozonation followed by sand filtration. Environ Sci Technol 43(20):7862–7869. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9014629
Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2008) The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK. Water Res 42(13):3498–3518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.026
Kim YM, Murugesan K, Schmidt S, Bokare V, Jeon JR, Kim EJ, Chang YS (2011) Triclosan susceptibility and co-metabolism—a comparison for three aerobic pollutant-degrading bacteria. Bioresour Technol 102(3):2206–2212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.009
Kim YM, Nam IH, Murugesan K, Schmidt S, Crowley DE, Chang YS (2007) Biodegradation of diphenyl ether and transformation of selected brominated congeners by Sphingomonas sp. PH-07. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77(1):187–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1129-z
Kuba T, Wachtmeister A, Van Loosdrecht MCM, Heijnen JJ (1994) Effect of nitrate on phosphorus release in biological phosphorus removal systems. Water Sci Technol, 1994 30(6):263–269
Lee DG, Zhao F, Rezenom YH, Russell DH, Chu K-H (2012) Biodegradation of triclosan by a wastewater microorganism. Water Res 46(13):4226–4234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.025
Li W, Shi Y, Gao L, Liu J, Cai Y (2015) Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant. J Hazard Mater 300:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.060
Liu H, Cao X, Liu G, Wang Y, Zhang N, Li T, Tough R (2013) Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of triclosan on TiO2 nanotube arrays and toxicity change. Chemosphere 93(1):160–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.018
Mulla SI, Wang H, Sun Q, Hu A, Yu CP (2015) Characterization of triclosan metabolism in Sphingomonas sp. strain YL-JM2C. Sci Rep 6:21965–21966
Papageorgiou M, Kosma C, Lambropoulou D (2016) Seasonal occurrence, removal, mass loading and environmental risk assessment of 55 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Central Greece. Sci Total Environ 543(Pt A):547–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.047
Parales, R.E., Resnick, S.M., 2006. Aromatic ring hydroxylating dioxygenases. Springer US
Raut SA, Angus RA (2010) Triclosan has endocrine-disrupting effects in male western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Environ Toxicol Chem 29(6):1287–1291. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.150
Ricart M, Guasch H, Alberch M, Barceló D, Bonnineau C, Geiszinger A, Farré M, Ferrer J, Ricciardi F, Romaní AM (2010) Triclosan persistence through wastewater treatment plants and its potential toxic effects on river biofilms. Aquat. Toxicology 100:346–353
Robrock KR, Mohn WW, Eltis LD, Alvarezcohen L (2011) Biphenyl and ethylbenzene dioxygenases of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 transform PBDEs. Biotechnol Bioeng 108(2):313–321. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.22952
Roh H, Subramanya N, Zhao F, Yu CP, Sandt J, Chu KH (2009) Biodegradation potential of wastewater micropollutants by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Chemosphere 77(8):1084–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.049
Rohwer F, Breitbart M, Jara J, Azam F, Knowlton N (2001) Diversity of bacteria associated with the Caribbean coral Montastraea franksi. Coral Reefs 20:85–91
Samara F, Gullett BK, Harrison RO, Chu A, Clark GC (2009) Determination of relative assay response factors for toxic chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay (CALUX). Environ Int 35(3):588–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.11.003
Sirés I, Oturan N, Oturan MA, Rodríguez RM, Garrido JA, Brillas E (2007) Electro-Fenton degradation of antimicrobials triclosan and triclocarban. Electrochim Acta 52(17):5493–5503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.03.011
Sun Q, Lv M, Hu A, Yang X, Yu CP (2014) Seasonal variation in the occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a wastewater treatment plant in **amen, China. J Hazard Mater 277:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.056
Tastan BE, Ozdemir C, Tekinay T (2016) Effects of different culture media on biodegradation of triclosan by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Penicillium sp. Water Sci Technol 74:473–481
Tastan BE, Donmez G (2015) Biodegradation of pesticide triclosan by A. versicolor in simulated wastewater and semi-synthetic media. Pestic Biochem Phys 118:33–37
Vainberg S, Mcclay K, Masuda H, Root D, Condee C, Zylstra GJ, Steffan RJ (2006) Biodegradation of ether pollutants by Pseudonocardia sp. strain ENV478. Appl Environ Microb 72(8):5218–5224. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00160-06
Wang JL, Bai ZY (2017) Fe-based catalysts for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of emerging contaminants in water and wastewater. Chem Eng J 312:79–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.118
Wang JL, Chu LB (2016) Irradiation treatment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater: an overview. Radiat Phys Chem 125:56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.03.012
Wang JL, Liu P, Qian Y (1996) Biodegradation of phthlic acid ester by acclimated activated sludge. Environ Int 22(6):737–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00065-7
Wang JL, Liu P, Shi HC, Qian Y (1997) Kinetics of phthlic acid ester degradation by acclimated activated sludge. Process Biochem 32(7):567–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(97)00015-0
Wang JL, Wang SZ (2016) Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater: a review. J Environ Manag 182:620–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.049
Wang JL, Wang SZ (2018) Activation of persulfate (PS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and application for the degradation of emerging contaminants. Chem Eng J 334:1502–1517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.059
Wang JL, Xu LJ (2012) Advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment: formation of hydroxyl radical and application. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 42(3):251–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.507698
Wang SZ, Yang Q, Bai ZY, Wang SD, Wang YY, Nowak KM (2015) Acclimation of aerobic-activated sludge degrading benzene derivatives and co-metabolic degradation activities of trichloroethylene by benzene derivative-grown aerobic sludge. Environ Technol 36(1):115–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.938127
Wang SZ, Yin YN, Wang JL (2016) Enhanced biodegradation of triclosan by means of gamma irradiation. Chemosphere 167:406–414
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51338005), the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT-13026), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M610920).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, S., Yin, Y. & Wang, J. Microbial degradation of triclosan by a novel strain of Dyella sp.. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102, 1997–2006 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8740-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8740-z