Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, particularly CYP4A/4F, are the major ω-hydroxylases of arachidonic acid (AA) that can produce 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Although there are dissimilarities in substrate specificity, tissue distribution, and gene regulation between CYP4A and CYP4F, selective CYP4A or 4F inhibitors are currently unavailable. Therefore, this study was designed to develop CYP4F selective inhibitors using a novel inhibitory assay of 20-HETE formation. The assay was established using pooled human kidney microsomes (HKMs) and human recombinant CYP4 enzymes incubated with 1,2,3,4,5-13C AA (13C5 AA) as a substrate to minimize interference by endogenous AA. The intrinsic clearance (Vmax/Km) values were 9.5 µL/min/mg for HKMs and 0.02, 0.9, and 10.1 µL/min/pmol for CYP4A11, CYP4F2, and CYP4F3B, respectively, which suggests a major role for CYP4F in ω-hydroxylation of AA. To validate the assay, we tested well-known pan-CYP4 inhibitor HET0016 along with 50 compounds derived from natural products. Of the screened compounds, rubiarbonone C showed the most potent inhibitory activity. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of rubiarbonone C against CYP4A11, CYP4F2, and 4F3B were > 50, 4.2, and 4.2 µM, respectively. Moreover, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid formation from 13C5 AA was not inhibited by up to 30 µM rubiarbonone C. Meanwhile, in pooled human liver microsomes, CYP1, 2, and 3 family enzymes involved in drug metabolism were not substantially inhibited by rubiarbonone C. Thus, rubiarbonone C is a selective inhibitor of CYP4F and can be used to discriminate among CYP4 family enzymes and evaluate their roles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00204-018-2315-8/MediaObjects/204_2018_2315_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00204-018-2315-8/MediaObjects/204_2018_2315_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00204-018-2315-8/MediaObjects/204_2018_2315_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00204-018-2315-8/MediaObjects/204_2018_2315_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00204-018-2315-8/MediaObjects/204_2018_2315_Fig5_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Arachidonic acid
- CYP:
-
Cytochrome P450
- 20-HETE:
-
20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- EET:
-
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
- DHET:
-
Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid
- t-BHT:
-
Tert-butylated hydroxytoluene
- HKM:
-
Human kidney microsome
- HPLC–MS/MS:
-
High pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- MRM:
-
Multiple reaction monitoring
- 13C5 AA:
-
1,2,3,4,5-13C AA
References
Alexanian A, Miller B, Roman RJ, Sorokin A (2012) 20-HETE-producing enzymes are up-regulated in human cancers. Cancer Genom Proteom 9:163–169
Antoun J, Goulitquer S, Amet Y, Dreano Y, Salaun JP, Corcos L, Plee-Gautier E (2008) CYP4F3B is induced by PGA1 in human liver cells: a regulation of the 20-HETE synthesis. J Lipid Res 49:2135–2141. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M800043-JLR200
Brash AR (2001) Arachidonic acid as a bioactive molecule. J Clin Invest 107:1339–1345
Choi YJ, Zhou Y, Lee JY, Ryu CS, Kim YH, Lee K, Kim SK (2018) Cytochrome P450 4A11 inhibition assays based on characterization of lauric acid metabolites. Food Chem Toxicol 112:205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.063
Cowley AW, Roman RJ (1996) The role of the kidney in hypertension. JAMA 275:1581–1589
Edpuganti V, Mehvar R (2014) UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of arachidonic acid and 10 of its major cytochrome P450 metabolites as free acids in rat livers: effects of hepatic ischemia. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 964:153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.008
Edson KZ, Rettie AE (2013) CYP4 enzymes as potential drug targets: focus on enzyme multiplicity, inducers and inhibitors, and therapeutic modulation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) synthase and fatty acid ω-hydroxylase activities. Curr Top Med Chem 13(12):1429–1440
Edson KZ, Prasad B, Unadkat JD, Suhara Y, Okano T, Guengerich FP, Rettie AE (2013) Cytochrome P450-dependent catabolism of vitamin K: ω-hydroxylation catalyzed by human CYP4F2 and CYP4F11. Biochemistry 52(46):8276–8285. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi401208m
Fan JT, Kuang B, Zeng GZ, Zhao SM, Ji CJ, Zhang YM, Tan NH (2011) Biologically active arborinane-type triterpenoids and anthraquinones from Rubia yunnanensis. J Nat Prod 74:2069–2080. https://doi.org/10.1021/np2002918
Gao Y, Su Y, Huo Y, Mi J, Wang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang H (2014) Identification of antihyperlipidemic constituents from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis Diels. J Ethnopharmacol 155:1315–1321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.027
Goldstein JL, DeBose-Boyd RA, Brown MS (2006) Protein sensors for membrane sterols. Cell 124(1):35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.022
Hirani V, Yarovoy A, Kozeska A, Magnusson RP, Lasker JM (2008) Expression of CYP4F2 in human liver and kidney: assessment using targeted peptide antibodies. Arch Biochem Biophys 478:59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2008.06.025
Hsu MH, Savas U, Lasker JM, Johnson EF (2011) Genistein, resveratrol, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside induce cytochrome P450 4F2 expression through an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 337(1):125–136. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.110.175851
** Y, Zollinger M, Borell H, Zimmerlin A, Patten CJ (2011) CYP4F enzymes are responsible for the elimination of fingolimod (FTY720), a novel treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Drug Metab Dispos 39:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.110.035378
Johnson EF, Hsu MH, Savas U, Griffin KJ (2002) Regulation of P450 4A expression by peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. Toxicology 181–182:203–206
Kehl R, Cambj-Sapunar L, Maier KG, Miyata N, Kametani S, Okamoto H, Hudetz AG, Schulte ML, Zagorac D, Harder DR, Roman RJ (2002) 20-HETE contributes to the acute fall in cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282:1556–1565. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00924.2001
Lasker JM, Chen WB, Wolf I, Bloswick BP, Wilson PD, Powell PK (2000) Formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, a vasoactive and natriuretic eicosanoid, in human kidney. J Biol Chem 275:4118–4126
Lee KS, Kim SK (2013) Direct and metabolism-dependent cytochrome P450 inhibition assays for evaluating drug-drug interactions. J Appl Toxicol 33:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1720
Lee SY, Jang H, Lee JY, Kwon KI, Oh SJ, Kim SK (2014) Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by ethambutol in human liver microsomes. Toxicol Lett 229:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.006
Liu X, Wu J, Liu H, Lai G, Zhao Y (2012) Disturbed ratio of renal 20-HETE/EETs is involved in androgen-induced hypertension in cytochrome P450 4F2 transgenic mice. Gene 505(2):352–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.029
Maayah ZH, El-Kadi AO (2016) The role of mid-chain hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Arch Toxicol 90(1):119–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1620-8
Miyata N, Taniguchi K, Seki T, Ishimoto T, Sato-Watanabe M, Yasuda Y, Doi M, Kametani S, Tomishima Y, Ueki T, Sato M, Kameo K (2001) HET0016, a potent and selective inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesizing enzyme. Br J Pharmacol 133:325–329. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704101
Miyata N, Seki T, Tanaka Y, Omura T, Taniguchi K, Doi M, Bandou K, Kametani S, Sato M, Okuyama S, Cambj-Sapunar L, Harder DR, Roman RJ (2005) Beneficial effects of a new 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid synthesis inhibitor, TS-011 [N-(3-chloro-4-morpholin-4-yl) phenyl-N’-hydroxyimido formamide], on hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.083964
Park HS, Quan KT, Han JH, Jung SH, Lee DH, Jo E, Lim TW, Heo KS, Na M, Myung CS (2017) Rubiarbonone C inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells through the focal adhesion kinase, MAPK and STAT3 Tyr705 signaling pathways. Br J Pharmacol 174:4140–4154. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13986
Plenty NL, Faulkner JL, Cotton J, Spencer S, Wallce K, LaMarca B, Murphy SR (2018) Arachidonic acid metabolites of CYP4A and CYP4F are altered in women with preeclampsia. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 136:15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.03.001
Rekka E, Ayalogu EO, Lewis DF, Gibson GG, Ioannides C (1994) Induction of hepatic microsomal CYP4A activity and of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arch Toxicol 68(2):73–78
Rowland A, Gaganis P, Elliot DJ, Mackenzie PI, Knights KM, Miners JO (2007) Binding of inhibitory fatty acids is responsible for the enhancement of UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase 2B7 activity by albumin: implications for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 321:137–147. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.118216
Savas U, Wei S, Hsu M, Falck JR, Guengerich FP, Capdevila JH, Johnson EF (2016) 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) dependent hypertension in human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A11 transgenic mice: normalization of blood pressure by sodium restriction, hydrochlorothiazide, or blockade of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor. J Biol Chem 291:16904–16919. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M116.732297
Smith WL, DeWitt DL, Garavito RM (2000) Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular and molecular biology. Annu Rev Biochem 69:145–182. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.145
Snider NT, Kornilov AM, Kent UM, Hollenberg PF (2007) Anandamide metabolism by human liver and kidney microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes to form hydroxyeicosatetraenoic and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 321:590–597. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.119321
Sontag TJ, Parker RS (2007) Influence of major structural features of tocopherols and tocotrienols on their omega-oxidation by tocopherol-omega-hydroxylase. Lipid Res 48(5):1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M600514-JLR200
Tunaru S, Bonnavion R, Brandenburger I, Preussner J, Thomas D, Scholich K, Offermanns S (2018) 20-HETE promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in an autocrine manner through FFAR1. Nat Commun 9:177. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02539-4
Uchida M, Kanazawa M, Oquiwara A, Sezaki H, Ando A, Miyamoto Y (2013) A computational drug metabolite detection using the stable isotopic mass-shift filtering with high resolution mass spectrometry in pioglitazone and flurbiprofen. Int J Mol Sci 14:19716–19730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141019716
Waldman M, Peterson SJ, Arad M, Hochhauser E (2016) The role of 20-HETE in cardiovascular diseases and its risk factors. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 125:108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.05.007
Wang MH, Brand-Schieber E, Zand BA, Nguyen X, Falck JR, Balu N, Schwatzman ML (1998) Cytochrome P450 derived arachidonic acid metabolism in the rat kidney: characterization of selective inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284:966–973
Wang MZ, Saulter JY, Usuki E, Cheung YL, Hall M, Bridges AS, Loewen G, Parkinson OT, Stephens CE, Allen JL, Zeldin DC, Boykin DW, Tidwell RR, Parkinson A, Paine MFM, Hall JE (2006) CYP4F enzymes are the major enzymes in human liver microsomes that catalyze the O-demethylation of the antiparastic prodrug DB289[2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan-bis-O-methylamidoxime]. Drug Metab Dispos 34:1985–1994. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.106.010587
Williams JM, Murphy S, Burke M, Roman RJ (2010) 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraeonic acid: a new target for the treatment of hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 56:336 – 344. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181f04b1c
Williams JM, Fan F, Murphy S, Schreck C, Lazar J, Jacob HJ, Roman RJ (2012) Role of 20-HETE in the antihypertensive effect of transfer of chromosome 5 from Brown Norway to Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302:1209 – 1218. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00604.2011
Xu F, Straub WO, Pak W, Su P, Maier KG, Yu M, Roman RJ, Ortiz De Montellano PR, Kroetz DL (2002) Antihypertensive effect of mechanism-based inhibition of renal arachidonic acid omega-hydroxylase activity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283:710–720. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00522.2001
Zhao X, Inscho EW, Bondlela M, Falck JR, Imig JD (2001) The CYP450 hydroxylase pathway contributes to P2X receptor-mediated afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281:2089–2096. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.5.H2089
Zou AP, Imig JD, Ortiz de Montellano PR, Sui Z, Falck JR, Roman RJ (1994) Effect of P-450 omega-hydroxylase metabolites of arachidonic acid on tubuloglomerular feedback. Am J Physiol 266:934–941
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (2017R1A4A1015860, 2017R1A2A2A05001340) through NRF funded by the Korean Government (MEST).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, Y.J., Quan, K.T., Park, I. et al. Discovery of rubiarbonone C as a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 4F enzymes. Arch Toxicol 92, 3325–3336 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-018-2315-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-018-2315-8