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Accounting for Fault Roughness in Pseudo-Dynamic Ground-Motion Simulations

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Abstract

Geological faults comprise large-scale segmentation and small-scale roughness. These multi-scale geometrical complexities determine the dynamics of the earthquake rupture process, and therefore affect the radiated seismic wavefield. In this study, we examine how different parameterizations of fault roughness lead to variability in the rupture evolution and the resulting near-fault ground motions. Rupture incoherence naturally induced by fault roughness generates high-frequency radiation that follows an ω−2 decay in displacement amplitude spectra. Because dynamic rupture simulations are computationally expensive, we test several kinematic source approximations designed to emulate the observed dynamic behavior. When simplifying the rough-fault geometry, we find that perturbations in local moment tensor orientation are important, while perturbations in local source location are not. Thus, a planar fault can be assumed if the local strike, dip, and rake are maintained. We observe that dynamic rake angle variations are anti-correlated with the local dip angles. Testing two parameterizations of dynamically consistent Yoffe-type source-time function, we show that the seismic wavefield of the approximated kinematic ruptures well reproduces the radiated seismic waves of the complete dynamic source process. This finding opens a new avenue for an improved pseudo-dynamic source characterization that captures the effects of fault roughness on earthquake rupture evolution. By including also the correlations between kinematic source parameters, we outline a new pseudo-dynamic rupture modeling approach for broadband ground-motion simulation.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to L. Dalguer, Ph. Renault, and Y. Fukushima who organized the initial international IAEA-workshop on Best Practices in Physics-based Fault Rupture Models for Seismic Hazard Assessment of Nuclear Installations (Best-PSHANI), Nov 18-21, 2015, Vienna. The presentations and discussions during this conference inspired us to expand our rough-fault dynamic rupture simulations. Comments and constructive criticism by Guest Editor L. Dalguer and two reviewers greatly helped to focus and clarify this study. Research presented in this paper is supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, Grants BAS/1339-01-01 and URF/1/2160-01-01. Earthquake rupture and ground-motion simulations have been carried out using the KAUST Supercomputing Laboratory (KSL), and we acknowledge the support of the KSL staff.

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  1. Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    P. Martin Mai, Martin Galis, Kiran K. S. Thingbaijam & Jagdish C. Vyas

  2. Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Eric M. Dunham

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Correspondence to P. Martin Mai.

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Mai, P.M., Galis, M., Thingbaijam, K.K.S. et al. Accounting for Fault Roughness in Pseudo-Dynamic Ground-Motion Simulations. Pure Appl. Geophys. 174, 3419–3450 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1536-8

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