SpringerLink
Log in

An Introduction to Microbial Genomic Islands for Evolutionary Adaptation and Pathogenicity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Microbial Genomic Islands in Adaptation and Pathogenicity

  • 415 Accesses

Abstract

Genomic islands (GEIs) play a vital role in the bacteria’s evolutionary adaptation and pathogenicity. GEIs are the unusual region located in the bacterial genome acquired through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT is achieved through various ways, such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction. General features of GEIs are different G + C content as compared to other parts of the genome (core genome), size about 10–200 kb, association with tRNA-encoding genes, mostly flanked by repeat structures and may carry other accessory elements such as insertion sequence (IS) elements, plasmids, bacteriophages, and other mobile elements. GEIs are present in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, based on the composition, characteristics, and functions of GEIs, it has further divided into various islands such as pathogenicity, resistance, fitness and metabolic or symbiosis islands in pathogenic, environmental, commensal, and symbiotic bacteria. This chapter briefly highlights the GEIs and their role in the bacteria’s evolutionary adaptation and pathogenicity. In addition, the role of GEIs in pangenome is also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aravamuthan S, Mande SS (2007) Identification of compositionally distinct regions in genomes using the centroid method. Bioinformatics 23:2672–2677

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arndt D, Grant J, Marcu A, Sajed T, Pon A, Liang Y, Wishart D (2016) PHASTER: a better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool. Nucleic Acids Res 44(W1):W16–W21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arvey AJ, Azad RK, Raval A et al (2009) Detection of genomic islands via segmental genome heterogeneity. Nucleic Acids Res 37:5255–5266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Assaf R, **a F, Stevens R (2021) Identifying genomic islands with deep neural networks. BMC Genomics 22(Suppl 3):281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07575-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baar C, Ep**er M, Raddatz G, Simon J, Lanz C et al (2003) Complete genome sequence and analysis of Wolinella succinogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(20):11690–11695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1932838100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bach S, de Almeida A, Carniel E (2000) The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island is present in different members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 183(2):289–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08973.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bar H, Yacoby I, Benhar I (2008) Killing cancer cells by targeted drug-carrying phage nanomedicines. BMC Biotechnol 8:37

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bazin A, Gautreau G, Médigue C, Vallenet D, Calteau A (2020) panRGP: a pangenome-based method to predict genomic islands and explore their diversity. Bioinformatics 36(Suppl_2):i651–i658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertelli C, Brinkman FSL (2018) Improved genomic island predictions with IslandPath-DIMOB. Bioinformatics. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty095

  • Bertelli C, Laird MR, Williams KP et al (2017) IslandViewer 4: expanded prediction of genomic islands for larger-scale datasets. Nucleic Acids Res 45(W1):W30–W35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bi D, **e R, Zheng J, Yang H, Zhu X, Ou HY, Wei Q (2019) Large-scale identification of AbaR-type genomic islands in acinetobacter baumannii reveals diverse insertion sites and clonal lineage-specific antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 63(4):e02526–e02518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Che D, Hasan MS, Wang H, Fazekas J, Huang J, Liu Q (2011) EGID: an ensemble algorithm for improved genomic island detection in genomic sequences. Bioinformation 7(6):311–314

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chiapello H, Bourgait I, Sourivong F, Heuclin G, Gendrault-Jacquemard A, Petit MA, El Karoui M (2005) Systematic determination of the mosaic structure of bacterial genomes: species backbone versus strain-specific loops. BMC Bioinf 12(6):171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi IG, Kim SH (2007) Global extent of horizontal gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(11):4489–4494. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611557104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coates AR, Hu Y (2007) Novel approaches to develo** new antibiotics for bacterial infections. Br J Pharmacol 152:1147–1154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen E, Davidovich M, Rokney A, Valinsky L, Rahav G, Gal-Mor O (2020) Emergence of new variants of antibiotic resistance genomic islands among multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica in poultry. Environ Microbiol 22(1):413–432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman ML, Sullivan MB, Martiny AC, Steglich C, Barry K, Delong EF, Chisholm SW (2006) Genomic islands and the ecology and evolution of Prochlorococcus. Science 311(5768):1768–1770

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins ML, Roy Chowdhury P, Marenda MS, Browning GF, Djordjevic SP (2019) Salmonella genomic island 1B variant found in a sequence type 117 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolate. mSphere 4(3):e00169–e00119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dai Q, Bao C, Hai Y et al (2018) MTGIpick allows robust identification of genomic islands from a single genome. Brief Bioinform 19:361–373

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhillon BK, Laird MR, Shay JA, Winsor GL, Lo R, Nizam F, Pereira SK, Waglechner N, McArthur AG, Langille MG, Brinkman FS (2015) IslandViewer 3: more flexible, interactive genomic island discovery, visualization and analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 43(W1):W104–W108. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv401. Epub 2015 Apr 27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dobrindt U, Hochhut B, Hentschel U, Hacker J (2004) Genomic islands in pathogenic and environmental microorganisms. Nat Rev Microbiol 2(5):414–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong WL, Xu QJ, Atiah LA, Odah KA, Gao YH, Kong LC, Ma HX (2020) Genomic island type IV secretion system and transposons in genomic islands involved in antimicrobial resistance in Trueperella pyogenes. Vet Microbiol 242:108602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dugan J, Rockey DD, Jones L, Andersen AA (2004) Tetracycline resistance in Chlamydia suis mediated by genomic islands inserted into the chlamydial inv-like gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48(10):3989–3995

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galibert F, Finan TM, Long SR, Puhler A, Abola P, Ampe F et al (2001) The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Science 293(5530):668–672. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gal-Mor O, Finlay BB (2006) Pathogenicity islands: a molecular toolbox for bacterial virulence. Cell Microbiol 8(11):1707–1719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gangotia D, Gupta A, Mani I (2021) Role of bioinformatics in biological sciences. In: Singh V, Kumar A (eds) Advances in bioinformatics. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 37–57. ISBN: 978-981-336-191-1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gladieux P, Ropars J, Badouin H, Branca A, Aguileta G, de Vienne DM, Rodríguez de la Vega RC, Branco S, Giraud T (2014) Fungal evolutionary genomics provides insight into the mechanisms of adaptive divergence in eukaryotes. Mol Ecol 23(4):753–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • González V, Bustos P, Ramírez-Romero MA, Medrano-Soto A, Salgado H, Hernandez-Gonzalez IL et al (2003) The mosaic structure of the symbiotic plasmid of Rhizobium etli CFN42 and its relation to other symbiotic genome compartments. Genome Biol 4(6):R36. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2003-4-6-r36

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guo FB, **ong L, Zhang KY, Dong C, Zhang FZ, Woo PC (2017) Identification and analysis of genomic islands in Burkholderia cenocepacia AU 1054 with emphasis on pathogenicity islands. BMC Microbiol 17(1):73

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Gangotia D and Mani I (2021) Bioinformatics tools and softwares Advances in bioinformatics. V. Singh, A Kumar (eds). Springer Nature, Singapore. 15–34. ISBN: 978-981-336-191-1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker J, Kaper JB (2000) Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:641–679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han S, Hu W, Kan W, Ge Z, Song X, Li L, Shang Y, Zeng Q, Zhou JH (2020) Analyses of genetics and pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica QH with narrow spectrum of antibiotic resistance isolated from yak. Infect Genet Evol 82:104293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han Wang DC, Wang H, Fazekas J et al (2014) An accurate genomic island prediction method for sequenced bacterial and archaeal genomes. J Proteomics Bioinform 7:214–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan MS, Liu Q, Wang H, Fazekas J, Chen B, Che D (2012) GIST: Genomic Island suite of tools for predicting genomic islands in genomic sequences. Bioinformation 8(4):203–205

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel M (2007) Genome-based identification and molecular analyses of pathogenicity islands and genomic islands in Salmonella enterica. Methods Mol Biol 394:77–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho Sui SJ, Fedynak A, Hsiao WWL, Langille MGI, Brinkman FSL (2009) The association of virulence factors with genomic islands. PLoS One 4:e8094

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao WW, Ung K, Aeschliman D, Bryan J, Finlay BB, Brinkman FS (2005) Evidence of a large novel gene pool associated with prokaryotic genomic islands. PLoS Genet 1(5):e62

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson CM, Lau BY, Williams KP (2015) Islander: a database of precisely mapped genomic islands in tRNA and tmRNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res 43:D48–D53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ito T, Katayama Y, Hiramatsu K (1999) Cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the entire mec DNA of pre-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43(6):1449–1458. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.6.1449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jaron KS, Moravec JC, Martı’nkova´ N (2014) SigHunt: horizontal gene transfer finder optimized for eukaryotic genomes. Bioinformatics 30(8):1081–1086

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juhas M, Power PM, Harding RM, Ferguson DJ, Dimopoulou ID, Elamin AR, Mohd-Zain Z, Hood DW, Adegbola R, Erwin A, Smith A, Munson RS, Harrison A, Mansfield L, Bentley S, Crook DW (2007) Sequence and functional analyses of Haemophilus spp. genomic islands. Genome Biol 8(11):R237

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kläui AJ, Boss R, Graber HU (2019) Characterization and comparative analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus Genomic Island vSaβ: an in silico approach. J Bacteriol 201(22):e00777–e00718

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kong R, Xu X, Liu X, He P, Zhang MQ, Dai Q (2020) 2SigFinder: the combined use of small-scale and large-scale statistical testing for genomic island detection from a single genome. BMC Bioinform 21(1):159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CC, Chen YP, Yao TJ, Ma CY, Lo WC, Lyu PC, Tang CY (2013) GI-POP: a combinational annotation and genomic island prediction pipeline for ongoing microbial genome projects. Gene 518(1):114–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SH, Choe H, Kim BK, Nasir A, Kim KM (2015) Complete genome of the marine bacterium Wenzhouxiangella marina KCTC 42284(T). Mar Genomics 24(Pt 3):277–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang P, Zhang Y, Xu B, Zhao Y, Liu X, Gao W, Ma T, Yang C, Wang S, Liu R (2020) Deletion of genomic islands in the Pseudomonas putida KT2440 genome can create an optimal chassis for synthetic biology applications. Microb Cell Factories 19(1):70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu B, Leong HW (2016) GI-SVM: a sensitive method for predicting genomic islands based on unannotated sequence of a single genome. J Bioinforma Comput Biol 14(01):1640003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mani I (2020) Current status and challenges of DNA sequencing. In: Singh V (ed) Advances in synthetic biology. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 71–80. ISBN: 978-981-15-0081-7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mani I (2021) Role of bioinformatics in microRNA analysis. In: Singh V, Kumar A (eds) Advances in bioinformatics. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 365–373. ISBN: 978-981-336-191-1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mantri Y, Williams KP (2004) Islander: a database of integrative islands in prokaryotic genomes, the associated integrases and their DNA site specificities. Nucleic Acids Res 32:D55–D58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mestrovic T, Ljubin-Sternak S (2018) Molecular mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Front Biosci 23(4):656–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moriel DG, Bertoldi I, Spagnuolo A, Marchi S, Rosini R et al (2010) Identification of protective and broadly conserved vaccine antigens from the genome of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:9072–9077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen SV, McShan WM (2014) Chromosomal islands of Streptococcus pyogenes and related streptococci: molecular switches for survival and virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12(4):109

    Google Scholar 

  • Oelschlaeger TA, Zhang D, Schubert S, Carniel E, Rabsch W, Karch H, Hacker J (2003) The high-pathogenicity island is absent in human pathogens of Salmonella enterica subspecies I but present in isolates of subspecies III and VI. J Bacteriol 185(3):1107–1111. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.185.3.1107-1111.2003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz de la Rosa JM, Nordmann P, Poirel L (2020) Pathogenicity genomic island-associated CrpP-like fluoroquinolone-modifying enzymes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in Europe. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 64(7):e00489–e00420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ou HY, He X, Harrison EM, Kulasekara BR, Thani AB, Kadioglu A, Lory S, Hinton JC, Barer MR, Deng Z, Rajakumar K (2007) MobilomeFINDER: web-based tools for in silico and experimental discovery of bacterial genomic islands. Nucleic Acids Res 35(Web Server issue):W97–W104

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pierneef R, Cronje L, Bezuidt O, Reva ON (2015) Pre_GI: a global map of ontological links between horizontally transferred genomic islands in bacterial and archaeal genomes. Database (Oxford) 17(2015):bav058. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bav058

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pundhir S, Vijayvargiya H, Kumar A (2008) PredictBias: a server for the identification of genomic and pathogenicity islands in prokaryotes. In Silico Biol 8:223–234

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao RT, Sharma S, Sivakumar N, Jayakumar K (2020) Genomic islands and the evolution of livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus genomes. Biosci Rep 40(11):BSR20202287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ravatn R, Studer S, Springael D, Zehnder AJ, van der Meer JR (1998 Sep) Chromosomal integration, tandem amplification, and deamplification in Pseudomonas putida F1 of a 105-kilobase genetic element containing the chlorocatechol degradative genes from Pseudomonas sp. Strain B13. J Bacteriol 180(17):4360–4369. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.180.17.4360-4369.1998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roos TE, van Passel MW (2011) A quantitative account of genomic island acquisitions in prokaryotes. BMC Genomics 24(12):427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H, Hensel M (2004) Pathogenicity Islands in bacterial pathogenesis. Clin Mcrobiol Rev 17:14–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeniger JS, Hudson CM, Bent ZW, Sinha A, Williams KP (2016) Experimental single-strain mobilomics reveals events that shape pathogen emergence. Nucleic Acids Res 44(14):6830–6839

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz S, Zhang W, Du XD, Krüger H, Feßler AT, Ma S, Zhu Y, Wu C, Shen J, Wang Y (2021) Mobile oxazolidinone resistance genes in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 34(3):e0018820

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivastava S, Reddy CVSK, Mande SS (2010) INDeGenIUS, a new method for high-throughput identification of specialized functional islands in completely sequenced organisms. J Biosci 35:351–364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soares SC, Abreu VA, Ramos RT, Cerdeira L, Silva A, Baumbach J, Trost E, Tauch A, Hirata R Jr, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Miyoshi A, Azevedo V (2012) PIPS: pathogenicity island prediction software. PLoS One 7(2):e30848

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Song L, Pan Y, Chen S, Zhang X (2012) Structural characteristics of genomic islands associated with GMP synthases as integration hotspot among sequenced microbial genomes. Comput Biol Chem 36:62–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stillson PT, Baltrus DA, Ravenscraft A (2022) Prevalence of an insect-associated genomic region in environmentally acquired Burkholderiaceae symbionts. Appl Environ Microbiol 88(9):e0250221

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan JT, Ronson CW (1998) Evolution of rhizobia by acquisition of a 500-kb symbiosis island that integrates into a phe-tRNA gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(9):5145–5149. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.9.5145. Erratum in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 Jul 21;95(15):9059

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan JT, Trzebiatowski JR, Cruickshank RW, Gouzy J, Brown SD et al (2002 Jun) Comparative sequence analysis of the symbiosis island of Mesorhizobium loti strain R7A. J Bacteriol 184(11):3086–3095. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.184.11.3086-3095.2002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tang S, Yang R, Wu Q, Ding Y, Wang Z, Zhang J, Lei T, Wu S, Zhang F, Zhang W, Xue L, Zhang Y, Wei X, Pang R, Wang J (2021) First report of the optrA-carrying multidrug resistance genomic island in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pigeon meat. Int J Food Microbiol 16(354):109320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsirigos A, Rigoutsos I (2005) A sensitive, support-vector-machine method for the detection of horizontal gene transfers in viral, archaeal and bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 33(12):3699–3707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tu Q, Ding D (2003) Detecting pathogenicity islands and anomalous gene clusters by iterative discriminant analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 221(2):269–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma J, Bag S, Saha B, Kumar P, Ghosh TS, Dayal M, Senapati T, Mehra S, Dey P, Desigamani A, Kumar D, Rana P, Kumar B, Maiti TK, Sharma NC, Bhadra RK, Mutreja A, Nair GB, Ramamurthy T, Das B (2019) Genomic plasticity associated with antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(13):6226–6231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent AT, Intertaglia L, Loyer V, Paquet VE, Adouane É, Martin P, Bérard C, Lami R, Charette SJ (2021) AsaGEI2d: a new variant of a genomic island identified in a group of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolated from France, which bears the pAsa7 plasmid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 368(4):fnab021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waack S, Keller O, Asper R, Brodag T, Damm C, Fricke WF, Surovcik K, Meinicke P, Merkl R (2006) Score-based prediction of genomic islands in prokaryotic genomes using hidden Markov models. BMC Bioinf 16(7):142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei W, Gao F, Du MZ et al (2017) Zisland Explorer: detect genomic islands by combining homogeneity and heterogeneity properties. Brief Bioinform 18:357–366

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Chen L, Sun L, Yu J, ** Q (2008) VFDB 2008 release: an enhanced web-based resource for comparative pathogenomics. Nucleic Acids Res 36(Database issue):D539–D542. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon SH, Park YK, Lee S, Choi D, Oh TK, Hur CG, Kim JF (2007) Towards pathogenomics: a web-based resource for pathogenicity islands. Nucleic Acids Res 35(Database issue):D395–D400. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl790

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Ou HY, Gao F, Luo H (2014) Identification of horizontally-transferred genomic islands and genome segmentation points by using the GC profile method. Curr Genomics 15(2):113–121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu D, Yang Z, Xu J, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Chen X, Cheng A (2020) Pan-genome analysis of Riemerella anatipestifer reveals its genomic diversity and acquired antibiotic resistance associated with genomic islands. Funct Integr Genomics 20(3):307–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of Interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Ashok Saini

  2. Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Indra Mani & Manpreet Kaur Rawal

  3. Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Chaitenya Verma

  4. Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India

    Vijai Singh

  5. Department of Biotechnology, IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Santosh Kumar Mishra

Authors
  1. Ashok Saini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Indra Mani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manpreet Kaur Rawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chaitenya Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Vijai Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Santosh Kumar Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Indra Mani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Indra Mani

  2. Department of Biosciences, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India

    Vijai Singh

  3. Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid J. Alzahrani

  4. Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Dinh-Toi Chu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Saini, A., Mani, I., Rawal, M.K., Verma, C., Singh, V., Mishra, S.K. (2023). An Introduction to Microbial Genomic Islands for Evolutionary Adaptation and Pathogenicity. In: Mani, I., Singh, V., Alzahrani, K.J., Chu, DT. (eds) Microbial Genomic Islands in Adaptation and Pathogenicity. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9342-8_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation