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Behavior of Fukushima-Derived Radiocesium in the Soil–Water Environment: Review

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Behavior of Radionuclides in the Environment III

Abstract

The chapter reviews the studies of the Fukushima-derived radiocesium behavior in the soil–water environment. Quantitative characteristics of radiocesium solid–liquid distribution (apparent and exchangeable distribution coefficients) and radiocesium wash-off from contaminated catchments (dissolved and particulate wash-off ratios) were obtained on the basis of field research and monitoring data. A conceptual model accounting for transformation of Fukushima-derived radiocesium chemical forms in soils and sediments is outlined, and key kinetic and equilibrium parameters of this model were estimated for geoclimatic conditions of Fukushima. Fukushima-derived radiocesium was found to be strongly bound by soil and sediment particles. Radiocesium apparent distribution coefficient Kd in Fukushima Rivers is much higher (at least by an order of magnitude) than that in rivers of the Chernobyl area, which is most likely due to two reasons: high binding ability of soils and sediments in Fukushima-contaminated areas, and the presence of water-insoluble hot glassy microparticles (CsMPs) in the Fukushima accidental fallout. Despite radiocesium in closed and semi-closed ponds being relatively persistent, a decline in both particulate and dissolved 137Cs activity concentrations was revealed. The reduction rate of the particulate 137Cs activity concentrations was much higher than that for dissolved 137Cs. As a result, the apparent distribution coefficient Kd(137Cs) in the sediment–water system decreased with the rate constant 0.12–0.18 yr.−1. Assuming that the decrease in Kd is associated with decomposition of glassy Cs-rich microparticles, the timescale of 137Cs leaching from them in the ponds studied was estimated to be 5–8 years. The obtained estimates are consistent with the findings of recent laboratory experiments. The processes of wash-off, river transport, and radionuclide vertical migration in catchment soils were considered in an integrated way using the semi-empirical diffusional model. This approach enables description of changes in the particulate and dissolved 137Cs wash-off ratios using only two physically meaningful parameters Deff—the 137Cs effective dispersion coefficient in the topsoil layer—and Kd—the 137Cs apparent distribution coefficient. Particulate 137Cs wash-off ratios from the catchments of the Fukushima area display only minor differences compared to those in the Chernobyl area, being at the lower limit of the Chernobyl values. Somewhat lower values of Np(137Cs) in the Fukushima area are explained by higher values of the effective dispersion coefficient Deff(137Cs) in typical Fukushima soils. Dissolved 137Cs wash-off ratios for Fukushima catchments are at least an order of magnitude lower than those for Chernobyl, mainly due to an order of magnitude difference in the 137Cs distribution coefficients for the Fukushima and Chernobyl Rivers.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (KAKENHI 18H03389).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Environmental Radioactivity at Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan

    Alexei Konoplev, Yoshifumi Wakiyama, Toshihiro Wada, Yasunori Igarashi & Kenji Nanba

  2. Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Kiev, Ukraine

    Volodymyr Kanivets

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  1. Alexei Konoplev
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  2. Yoshifumi Wakiyama
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  3. Toshihiro Wada
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  4. Yasunori Igarashi
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  5. Volodymyr Kanivets
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  6. Kenji Nanba
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fukushima University Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima, Japan

    Kenji Nanba

  2. Fukushima University Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima, Japan

    Alexei Konoplev

  3. Fukushima University Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima, Japan

    Toshihiro Wada

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Konoplev, A., Wakiyama, Y., Wada, T., Igarashi, Y., Kanivets, V., Nanba, K. (2022). Behavior of Fukushima-Derived Radiocesium in the Soil–Water Environment: Review. In: Nanba, K., Konoplev, A., Wada, T. (eds) Behavior of Radionuclides in the Environment III. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6799-2_4

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