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Structural Neuroimaging: From Macroscopic to Microscopic Scales

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Handbook of Neuroengineering

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Abstract

This chapter discusses structural MRI (sMRI) techniques to image the brain anatomy, with a focus on diffusion MRI (dMRI). Conventional sMRI, including T1-, T2-, T2*-weighted MRI, gives rich contrasts to delineate the brain structures and provides important information about the structural volume, shape, and relaxometry. Compared to conventional relaxation-based contrast mechanisms, the dMRI technique offers unique contrasts based on translational molecular motions, which are restricted by microstructural barriers such as cell membranes and axons. We will describe the essential components of a dMRI pulse sequence, including the various diffusion encoding schemes and image acquisition techniques to achieve high-resolution dMRI. We will then introduce biophysical models that reconstruct the microstructural information (cell size, density, permeability, axon diameter, etc.), using dMRI signals acquired with different diffusion directions and weighting strength (q-space) and different diffusion times. In the end, a few exemplary clinical and preclinical applications of dMRI will be reviewed, and the current challenges and potential future directions will be discussed.

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Abbreviations

D :

diffusivity

K :

kurtosis

t d :

diffusion time

G :

diffusion gradient

r :

diffusion distance

b :

diffusion b-value

γ :

gyromagnetic ratio

S :

diffusion-weighted signal

S 0 :

non-diffusion-weighted signal

λ1, λ2, λ3:

first, second, and third eigenvalues

\( \overline{e_1},\overline{e_2},\overline{e_3} \) :

first, second, and third eigenvectors

ADC:

apparent diffusion coefficient

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

CP:

cortical plate

DDE:

Double diffusion encoding

DEC:

direction-encoded color map

DKI:

Diffusion kurtosis imaging

dMRI:

Diffusion MRI

DSI:

diffusion spectrum imaging

DTI:

diffusion tensor imaging

DWIs:

Diffusion-weighted images

EPI:

Echo-planar imaging

FOV:

Field-of-view

FA:

fractional anisotropy

FOD:

fiber orientation distribution

HARDI:

High angular resolution diffusion imaging

IZ:

intermediate zone

MD/RD/AD:

mean/radial/axial diffusivities

NODDI:

Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging

NE:

neuroepithelium

OGSE:

Oscillating gradient spin-echo

PGSE:

Pulsed gradient spin-echo

sMRI:

Structural magnetic resonance imaging

SMS:

Simultaneous multi-slice

SSFP:

Steady-state free precession

STEAM:

Stimulated Echo Acquisition Mode

TBSS:

tract-based spatial statistics

TDI:

Tract-density images

TE:

echo time

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  1. Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Dan Wu

  2. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Susumu Mori

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    Nitish V. Thakor

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Wu, D., Mori, S. (2023). Structural Neuroimaging: From Macroscopic to Microscopic Scales. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_84

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