Abstract
Potato contains a range of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, dietary fibres, and minerals and several other health promoting metabolites. In addition to these, potatoes do contain few molecules with harmful effects if consumed in higher amounts. Steroidal glycoalkaloids are group of such molecules, and α-chaconine and α-solanine are the two most predominant glycosides present in potato tubers. Concentrations of the glycoalkaloids in all the commercial cultivars of potato are much lower than the recommended safe limit for human consumption. However, exposure to light, various biotic factors lead to increase in the glycoalkaloids levels. Genetic factors have also been shown to regulate the glycoalkaloids levels in potato. Globally, efforts have been/are being made to develop potato cultivars with lower/minimum glycoalkaloids and also to constantly improving the sensitivity, accuracy, and throughput of the methods employed for estimation of the glycoalkaloids.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arkhypova VN, Dzyadevych SV, Soldatkin AP et al (2003) Development and optimisation of biosensors based on pH-sensitive field effect transistors and cholinesterases for sensitive detection of solanaceous glycoalkaloids. Biosens Bioelectron. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5663(02)00222-1
Arkhypova VN, Dzyadevych SV, Jaffrezic-Renault N et al (2008) Biosensors for assay of glycoalkaloids in potato tubers. Appl Biochem Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683808030162d
Attoumbré J, Giordanengo P, Baltora-Rosset S (2013) Solanidine isolation from Solanum tuberosum by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Sep Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201300188
Aziz A, Randhawa MA, Butt MS et al (2012) Glycoalkaloids (α-Chaconine and α-Solanine) contents of selected Pakistani potato cultivars and their dietary intake assessment. J Food Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02582.x
Backleh M, Ekici P, Leupold G et al (2004) Enrichment of the glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine from potato juice by adsorptive bubble separation using a pH gradient. J Sep Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200301685
Bianco G, Schmitt-Kopplin P, De Benedetto G et al (2002) Determination of glycoalkaloids and relative aglycones by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis. https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2683(200209)23:17<2904::AID-ELPS2904>3.0.CO;2-1
Cadle LS, Stelzig DA, Harper KL, Young RJ (1978) Thin-layer chromatographic system for identification and quantitation of potato tuber glycoalkaloids. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60220a033
Cahill MG, Caprioli G, Vittori S, James KJ (2010) Elucidation of the mass fragmentation pathways of potato glycoalkaloids and aglycons using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 45(9):1019–1025. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.1785
Carputo D, Savarese S, Andolfi A et al (2010) Glycoalkaloid profile in potato haploids derived from Solanum tuberosum - S. bulbocastanum somatic hybrids. Chem Biodivers. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200900391
Chen S, Derrick PJ, Mellon FA, Price KR (1994) Analysis of Glycoalkaloids from potato shoots and tomatoes by four-sector tandem mass spectrometry with scanning-Array detection: comparison of positive ion and negative ion methods. Anal Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1994.1155
Deusser H, Guignard C, Hoffmann L, Evers D (2012) Polyphenol and glycoalkaloid contents in potato cultivars grown in Luxembourg. Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.028
Driedger DR, Sporns P (1999) Glycoalkaloid concentration in by-products of potato starch extraction as measured by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. J Food Process Preserv. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.1999.tb00392.x
Driedger DR, Sporns P (2001) Immunoaffinity sample purification and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of α-solanine and α-chaconine in serum. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0004513
Driedger DR, Leblanc RJ, Leblanc EL, Sporns P (2000a) A capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence method for analysis of potato glycoalkaloids based on a solution-phase immunoassay. 2. Performance evaluation. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000157a
Driedger DR, LeBlanc RJ, LeBlanc EL, Sporns P (2000b) A capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence method for analysis of potato glycoalkaloids based on a solution-phase immunoassay. 1. Separation and quantification of immunoassay products. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990680t
Espinoza MA, Istamboulie G, Chira A et al (2014) Detection of glycoalkaloids using disposable biosensors based on genetically modified enzymes. Anal Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2014.04.005
Friedman M, Roitman JN, Kozukue N (2003) Glycoalkaloid and calystegine contents of eight potato cultivars. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf021146f
Ginzberg I, Thippeswamy M, Fogelman E et al (2012) Induction of potato steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway by overexpression of cDNA encoding primary metabolism HMG-CoA reductase and squalene synthase. Planta. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-011-1578-6
Glorio-Paulet P, Durst RA (2000) Determination of potato glycoalkaloids using a liposome immunomigration, liquid-phase competition immunoassay. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990349+
Glossman-Mitnik D (2007) CHIH-DFT determination of the molecular structure and IR and UV spectra of solanidine. J Mol Model 13(1):43–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-006-0123-1
Griffiths DW, Dale MFB (2001) Effect of light exposure on the glycoalkaloid content of Solanum phureja tubers. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010656r
Grunenfelder LA, Knowles LO, Hiller LK, Knowles NR (2006) Glycoalkaloid development during greening of fresh market potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0607359
Harvey MH, Morris BA, Mcmillan M, Marks V (1985) Measurement of potato steroidal alkaloids in human serum and saliva by radioimmunoassay. Hum Exp Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1177/096032718500400506
Hellenäs KE, Branzell C (1997) Liquid chromatographic determination of the glycoalkaloids alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine in potato tubers: NMKL Interlaboratory study. Nordic committee on food analysis. J AOAC Int 80(3):549–554
Hennessy RC, Park B, Pathiraja D et al (2019) Draft genome sequences of two glycoalkaloid-degrading arthrobacter strains isolated from green potato peel. Microbiol Resour Announc. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00226-19
Hennessy RC, Nielsen SD, Greve-Poulsen M et al (2020) Discovery of a bacterial gene cluster for Deglycosylation of toxic potato steroidal Glycoalkaloids α-Chaconine and α-Solanine. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07632
Hossain MB, Tiwari BK, Gangopadhyay N et al (2014) Ultrasonic extraction of steroidal alkaloids from potato peel waste. Ultrason Sonochem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.01.023
Itkin M, Heinig U, Tzfadia O et al (2013) Biosynthesis of antinutritional alkaloids in solanaceous crops is mediated by clustered genes. Science 80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1240230
Jensen PH, Juhler RK, Nielsen NJ et al (2008) Potato glycoalkaloids in soil-optimising liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for quantitative studies. J Chromatogr A. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.049
Jensen PH, Jacobsen OS, Henriksen T et al (2009a) Degradation of the potato glycoalkaloids - α-solanine and α-chaconine in groundwater. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9698-4
Jensen PH, Pedersen RB, Svensmark B et al (2009b) Degradation of the potato glycoalkaloid α-solanine in three agricultural soils. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.008
Jensen PH, Strobel BW, Hansen HCB, Jacobsen OS (2009c) Fate of toxic potato Glycoalkaloids in a potato field. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf803564v
King RR (1980) Analysis of potato glycoalkaloids by gas-liquid chromatography of alkaloid components. J Assoc Off Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/63.6.1226
King RR, Calhoun LA (2012) Complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral assignments for the glycoalkaloid dehydrocommersonine. Magn Reson Chem. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.3844
Koffi GY, Remaud-Simeon M, Due AE, Combes D (2017) Isolation and chemoenzymatic treatment of glycoalkaloids from green, sprouting and rotting Solanum tuberosum potatoes for solanidine recovery. Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.014
Korpan YI, Volotovsky VV, Martelet C et al (2002) A novel enzyme biosensor for steroidal glycoalkaloids detection based on pH-sensitive field effect transistors. Bioelectrochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5394(01)00150-5
Korpan YI, Raushel FM, Nazarenko EA et al (2006) Sensitivity and specificity improvement of an ion sensitive field effect transistors-based biosensor for potato glycoalkaloids detection. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0529316
Krits P, Fogelman E, Ginzberg I (2007) Potato steroidal glycoalkaloid levels and the expression of key isoprenoid metabolic genes. Planta. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-007-0602-3
Kumar A, Fogelman E, Weissberg M et al (2017) Lanosterol synthase-like is involved with differential accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. Planta. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-017-2763-z
Kuronen P, Väänänen T, Pehu E (1999) Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation and simultaneous profiling of steroidal glycoalkaloids and their aglycones. J Chromatogr A. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00954-1
Lachman J, Hamouz K, Musilová J et al (2013) Effect of peeling and three cooking methods on the content of selected phytochemicals in potato tubers with various colour of flesh. Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.114
Laurila J, Laakso I, Väänänen T et al (1999) Determination of solanidine- and tomatidine-type glycoalkaloid aglycons by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf981009b
Liu H, Roasa J, Mats L et al (2020) Effect of acid on glycoalkaloids and acrylamide in French fries. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1743883
Lohne JJ, Turnipseed SB, Andersen WC et al (2015) Application of single-stage orbitrap mass spectrometry and differential analysis software to nontargeted analysis of contaminants in dog food: detection, identification, and quantification of glycoalkaloids. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00959
Mäder J, Rawel H, Kroh LW (2009) Composition of phenolic compounds and glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine during commercial potato processing. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901066k
Manrique-Carpintero NC, Tokuhisa JG, Ginzberg I, Veilleux RE (2014) Allelic variation in genes contributing to glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in a diploid interspecific population of potato. Theor Appl Genet. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-013-2226-2
Mariot RF, De Oliveira LA, Voorhuijzen MM et al (2016) Characterization and transcriptional profile of genes involved in glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in new varieties of Solanum tuberosum L. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05519
Matsuda F, Morino K, Miyazawa H et al (2004) Determination of potato glycoalkaloids using high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation/mass spectrometry. Phytochem Anal. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.755
McCue KF, Allen PV, Shepherd LVT et al (2007) Potato glycosterol rhamnosyltransferase, the terminal step in triose side-chain biosynthesis. Phytochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.025
Munshi CB, Mondy NI (1992) Glycoalkaloid and nitrate content of potatoes as affected by method of selenium application. Biol Trace Elem Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02784000
Nahar N, Westerberg E, Arif U et al (2017) Transcript profiling of two potato cultivars during glycoalkaloid-inducing treatments shows differential expression of genes in sterol and glycoalkaloid metabolism. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43268
Nakayasu M, Umemoto N, Ohyama K et al (2017) A dioxygenase catalyzes steroid 16α-hydroxylation in steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00501
Nielsen SD, Schmidt JM, Kristiansen GH et al (2020) Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry quantification of α-solanine, α-chaconine, and solanidine in potato protein isolates. Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040416
Nikolic NC, Stankovic MZ (2003) Solanidine hydrolytic extraction and separation from the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) vines by using solid-liquid-liquid systems. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020426s
Oda Y, Saito K, Ohara-Takada A, Mori M (2002) Hydrolysis of the potato glycoalkaloid α-chaconine by filamentous fungi. J Biosci Bioeng. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.94.321
Panovská Z, Hajšlová J, Kosinková P, Čepl J (1997) Glycoalkaloid content of potatoes sold in Czechia. Nahrung – Food. https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19970410306
Petersson EV, Arif U, Schulzova V et al (2013) Glycoalkaloid and calystegine levels in table potato cultivars subjected to wounding, light, and heat treatments. J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf400318p
Roosen-Runge C, Schneider E (1977) Zur Bestimmung der Solanum-Alkaloide Solanin und Chaconin on the determination of the solanum alkaloids solanine and chaconine. ZeitschriftfrLeb und -forsch. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01354310
Rytel E, Tajner-Czopek A, Aniolowska M, Hamouz K (2013) The influence of dehydrated potatoes processing on the glycoalkaloids content in coloured-fleshed potato. Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.131
Shakya R, Navarre DA (2008) LC-MS analysis of solanidane glycoalkaloid diversity among tubers of four wild potato species and three cultivars (Solanum tuberosum). J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8006618
Shepherd LVT, Hackett CA, Alexander CJ et al (2015) Modifying glycoalkaloid content in transgenic potato - metabolome impacts. Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.111
Shepherd LVT, Hackett CA, Alexander CJ et al (2016) Impact of light-exposure on the metabolite balance of transgenic potato tubers with modified glycoalkaloid biosynthesis. Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.095
Shimoi T, Ushiyama H, Kan K et al (2007) Survey of glycoalkaloids content in the various potatoes. J Food Hyg Soc Japan. https://doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.48.77
Simonovska B, Vovk I (2000) High-performance thin-layer chromatographic determination of potato glycoalkaloids. J Chromatogr A. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00900-6
Singh B, Raigond P, Barwal S et al (2016) Glycoalkaloids in peels of Indian potatoes. Potato J 43:86–92
Soldatkin AP, Arkhypova VN, Dzyadevych SV et al (2005) Analysis of the potato glycoalkaloids by using of enzyme biosensor based on pH-ISFETs. Talanta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.11.006
Sørensen KK, Kirk HG, Olsson K et al (2008) A major QTL and an SSR marker associated with glycoalkaloid content in potato tubers from Solanum tuberosum x S. sparsipilum located on chromosome I. Theor Appl Genet. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-008-0745-z
Tata A, Perez CJ, Hamid TS et al (2015) Analysis of metabolic changes in plant pathosystems by imprint imaging DESI-MS. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-014-1039-0
Tjamos EC, Kuć JA (1982) Inhibition of steroid glycoalkaloid accumulation by arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids in potato. Science 80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.217.4559.542
Turakainen M, Väänänen T, Anttila K et al (2004) Effect of selenate supplementation on glycoalkaloid content of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J Agric Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049132s
Umemoto N, Nakayasu M, Ohyama K et al (2016) Two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases catalyze early hydroxylation steps in the potato steroid glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway. Plant Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00137
Uppal DS (1987) Varietal and environmental effect on the glycoalkaloid content of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant Foods Hum Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01092209
Valcarcel J, Reilly K, Gaffney M, O’Brien N (2014) Effect of genotype and environment on the glycoalkaloid content of rare, heritage, and commercial potato varieties. J Food Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12443
Wayumba BO, Choi HS, Seok LY (2019) Selection and evaluation of 21 potato (Solanum tuberosum) breeding clones for cold chip processing. Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030098
Wilson AM, Mcgann DF, Bushway RJ (1983) Effect of growth-location and length of storage on glycoalkaloid content of roadside-stand potatoes as stored by consumers. J Food Prot. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-46.2.119
Yasumoto S, Umemoto N, Lee HJ et al (2019) Efficient genome engineering using platinum talein potato. Plant Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0805a
Zhang W, Zuo C, Chen Z et al (2019) RNA sequencing reveals that both abiotic and biotic stress-responsive genes are induced during expression of steroidal glycoalkaloid in potato tuber subjected to light exposure. Genes (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10110920
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, B., Dutt, S., Raigond, P. (2020). Potato Glycoalkaloids. In: Raigond, P., Singh, B., Dutt, S., Chakrabarti, S.K. (eds) Potato. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7662-1_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7662-1_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-7661-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-7662-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)