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The Neuroendocrinology of Anhedonia

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Anhedonia: A Comprehensive Handbook Volume I

Abstract

One of the more fascinating developments in neuroscience is the recognition of endocrine influences on brain regions unrelated to reproductive and basic homeostatic functions. It is now clear that hormones impact both normal function and dysfunction, including the experience of pleasure and the anhedonia accompanying a number of psychiatric disorders, most notably depression. Brain regions contributing to these functions are rich in receptors for the peptides and steroids of the hypothalamic – pituitary – gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal (HPA) axes. Indeed, the brain has evolved new functions for ancient hormones. Examples include the brain adaptive uses of steroid precursors and metabolites for non-reproductive functions and the brain co-opting or “hijacking” peptides of the two axes to serve as neuromodulators and neurotransmitters. The result is that HPA and HPG hormones and their interactions have profound influences on opioids and monoamines, especially dopamine and serotonin. These are the same neurotransmitter pathways underlying activation of the brain reward pathway stretching from midbrain to the prefrontal cortex.

Our ultimate goal is to fulfill the promise of the title, an evaluation of neuroendocrine – anhedonia relations. This requires, first, an overview of the endocrine system, and their steroids and peptides. There, we also provide a brief review of the interaction of the HPA and HPG axes in depression. Before embarking on an evaluation of hormones and anhedonia, we will examine normal neuroendocrine influences on pleasure from natural experiences such as food and sex but also from psychoactive drugs. Logic suggests examining data on pleasure before addressing loss of pleasure. The emphasis throughout will be on animal models with a liberal sprinkling of human findings, mostly psychiatric patients.

This journey will take us through endocrine basics (Sect. 10.1), and the influence of hormones on brain systems underlying the experience of pleasure (Sect. 10.2). In Sect. 10.3, the modest literature on the neuroendocrinology of anhedonia in depression will be reviewed. Finally, future research and directions (Sect. 10.4) will provide ideas on filling in the gaps in our understanding of endocrine – anhedonia relations.

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Abbreviations

5HT:

Serotonin

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

ALLO:

Allopregnanolone

AVP:

Arginine vasopressin

BNST:

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

BRS:

Brain reward system

CMS:

Chronic mild stress

CORT:

Corticosteroid

CRH:

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DA:

Dopamine

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrosterone

DOPAC:

3, 4-Dihydroxyphenlacetic acid

E2:

Estradiol

EPI:

Epinephrine

FST:

Forced swim test

GABA:

Gamma-Aminobutyric acid

GnRH:

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

GR:

Glucocorticoid receptor

HPA:

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

HPG:

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal

HVA:

Homovanillic acid

ICSS:

Intracranial self-stimulation

LH:

Luteinizing hormone

MDD:

Major Depressive Disorder

MFB:

Medial forebrain bundle

MR:

Mineralocorticoid receptor

NAcc:

Nucleus accumbens

NE:

Norepinephrine

OVX:

Ovariectomy

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

POMC:

Proopiomelanocortin

PROG:

Progesterone

PVN:

Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

SAM:

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system

SSRI:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

TS:

Testosterone

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

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Acknowledgments

Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by grants from the University of Missouri Research Board and the College Dean’s Faculty Research Awards at UM-St. Louis. The authors thank Joseph Boggiano, now at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, for assistance in the conduct of the unpublished experiment cited in the manuscript. Also, we thank Dr. Juergen Weiss of the University of Heidelberg (Germany) for assistance in preparing the figure (Fig. 10.1) depicting the metabolic cascade in the brain.

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  1. Behavioral Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA

    George T. Taylor Ph.D., Omar Cabrera & Jessica Hoffman

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  1. George T. Taylor Ph.D.
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    Michael S. Ritsner

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Taylor, G.T., Cabrera, O., Hoffman, J. (2014). The Neuroendocrinology of Anhedonia. In: Ritsner, M. (eds) Anhedonia: A Comprehensive Handbook Volume I. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8591-4_10

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