Abstract
In this chapter, the following are presented: environmental factors and definition of tropical climate, definitions and discussion about radiation environment (solar constant, solar radiation variation with latitude and season), equations for determination of sun angles (zenith, elevation, declination and hour angles of sun), aspects of the short-wave radiation at the ground level, atmospheric transmittance, diffuse and reflected radiation, influence of clouds, reflectance of ground surfaces and estimation of total short-wave radiation. The determination of downward and upward long-wave radiation is discussed, along with the respective formulas. The concepts of radiant heat load and the mean radiant temperature are discussed, and the respective methods of determination are presented. The theory of black globe is presented, and its practical use is discussed. The structure of the atmospheric layers, together with the gas components of the atmosphere, is described. The importance of CO2, ozone and methane is discussed, together with that of aerosol pollutants; the evolution of atmospheric CO2 is also discussed. The equations to determine the physical properties of the air are presented: atmospheric pressure, specific heat, density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, latent heat of vaporisation, psychrometric constant and diffusivity of vapour; the methods of air humidity specification are presented: saturation and partial vapour pressure, relative humidity, absolute humidity and dew point temperature.
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Notes
- 1.
Convection process details will be discussed later in Chap. 2.
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da Silva, R.G., Maia, A.S.C. (2013). The Environment. In: Principles of Animal Biometeorology. Biometeorology, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5733-2_1
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