Abstract
In Japan, environmental standards for contaminants in groundwater and in leachate from soil are set with the assumption that they are used for drinking water over a human lifetime. Where there is neither a well nor groundwater used for drinking, the standard is thus too severe. Therefore, remediation based on these standards incurs excessive effort and cost. In contrast, the environmental assessment procedure used in the USA and the Netherlands considers the site conditions (land use, existing wells, etc.); however, a risk assessment is required for each site. This chapter shows a framework for validating contamination by considering the merits of the environmental standards used and a method for risk assessment. The framework involves setting risk-based concentrations (RBCs), which are attainable remediation goals for contaminants in soil and groundwater. The framework was then applied to a model contaminated site for risk management. RBCs of Cr(VI) in a contaminated site were set according to the site conditions. The RBCs of Cr(VI) with/without drinking water in residential area are calculated. Second, an experiment for contaminated soil was introduced by using column equipment. The equipment was designed by applying water permeability test. And then, variation of concentration of the contaminant was simulated using an advection-diffusion model. Simulation by the mathematical model is also useful for monitored natural attenuation or in situ treatment, because the simulation can estimate clean-up time at the contaminated site. Even though the estimated clean-up time is not exact time, the cost of in situ treatment is not expensive. And then land owners can choose the in situ treatment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ASTM (2000) Standard guide for risk-based corrective action, Table X3.2 Site and scenario-specific parameters, E 2081–00
Baetslé LH (1969) Migration of radionuclides in porous media. Progress in nuclear energy series XII, Health Physics. Pergamon Press, London, the United Kingdom, pp 707–730
Berg R (1994) Human exposure to soil contamination: a quantitative and quantitative analysis towards proposals for human toxicological intervention values (partly revised edition), National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, No. 725201011, Annex 1.7, The Netherlands
Fu**aga A et al (2012) Risk-based concentration setting methodology for management of contaminated soil/groundwater, risk analysis. Int J 32(1):122–137. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01677.x
GEPC (2003) Explanation of technical method of surveillance and countermeasure based on soil contamination countermeasures Act, Geo-Environmental Protection Center, Appendix 2_7–2_13
Hayamizu T (1993) Revised environmental standard and standard of water-purity for tap water. J Jpn Soc Water Environ 16(4):224–242
JMHLW (1997) Table 2–7 average height and weight. Statistics database: Japanese nutrition condition. Survey of Japanese nutrition on fiscal 1997. (in Japanese) http://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/kenkou_eiyou_chousa.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2003
JMHLW (1999) Japanese average duration of life on 1997: 3 Average duration of life, international comparison. Minister’s Secretariat, Statistics and Information Department, Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. (in Japanese) http://wwwl.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/h9-ablif/life-3.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2003
JMIAC (2001) Document: stochastic population. (in Japanese) Statistical Department. http://www.stat.go.jp/data/**sui/2001np/index.htm. Accessed 1 Dec 2003
JMOE (2001) Commission of risk assessment of contaminants in soil, report on risk assessment for intake of soil. (in Japanese). http://www.env.go.jp/water/report/h13-01/index.html. Accessed Jan 2010
JMOE (2003) Urgent countermeasure for organic arsine compounds at Kamisu, Ibaraki prefecture. (in Japanese). https://www.env.go.jp/chemi/gas_inform/pdfs/cd_h150606.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2014
JMOE (2009) Results of the survey on the enforcement status of the soil contamination countermeasures law and soil contamination investigations and countermeasures in FY 2009 (in Japanese). http://www.env.go.jp/water/dojo/chosa.html. Accessed 1 July 2014
Kammen DM, Hassenzahl DM (1999) Chapter 5: Toxicology. Should we risk it?: exploring environmental, health, and technological problem solving. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, USA, pp 154–158
Kobayashi E (1987) Countermeasures of contaminated groundwater – case study on Hyogo prefecture – report form a real site. J Environ Pollut Control 23(10):51–47
MDEQ (2012) Proposed soil criteria: ambient air inhalation component, remediation division, Michigan DEQ, USA. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-rrd-CSI-SoilToAmbient_airPathway_379820_7.pdf? 20131230015457. Accessed 26 Aug 2014
Nakanishi J, Ono K (2008) Risk assessment documents 21, chromium (VI), Maruzen. (in Japanese). https://unit.aist.go.jp/riss/crm/mainmenu/1-25.html. Accessed 1 July 2014
ODEQ (1998) Guidance for conduct of deterministic human health risk assessments, Table B-1 reasonable maximum estimates: Ed A , Ed C , Af A , Af C , A.52 (Cp), Waste Management & Cleanup Division, Oregon DEQ, USA
ODEQ (2003) Risk-based decision making for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated sites, Appendix C. Waste Management & Cleanup Division, Oregon DEQ, USA
RIEMAM (2009) Guide book of water quality standard for drinking water. Research Institute of Environmental Management, Administration and Maintenance of JAPAN, Maruzen
Sasamoto Y et al (2004) Proposal of land use of soil-contaminated site by application of risk assessment on health. GEPC Tech News 9:30–35 (in Japanese)
USEPA (1989) Risk assessment guidance for superfund vol 1: human health evaluation manual (Part A). Interim final, EPA/540/1-89/002. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC
USEPA (1997) Exposure factors handbook, Table 3–30, Table 5–23, Table 6–2, Table 6–6, Table 6–8, Office of Research and Development National Center for Environmental Assessment, EPA/600/P-95/002Fa
USEPA (2002) BIOCHLOR 2.2. http://www.epa.gov/ada/csmos/biochlor.html. Accessed 1 Dec 2003
USEPA (2005) Partition coefficients for metals in surface water, soil, and waste, EPA/600/R-05/074
USEPA (2014) Regional screening levels tables, chemical specific parameters, Region 9 of the U.S. EPA. http://www.epa.gov/region9/superfund/prg/. Accessed 1 Aug 2014
WHO (1993) 10. Acceptable risk. guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2nd ed, vol 1, Recommendation
WHO (2001) 3. Chemical aspects. Water quality. guidelines, standards and health: Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease
WHO (2013) Inorganic chromium(VI) compounds, concise international chemical assessment document 78
Yamaki J, Morishima Y (2013) Revised soil contamination countermeasures Act, Toyo Keizai Inc
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Japan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fu**aga, A. (2016). Risk Evaluation for Remediation Techniques to Metal-Contaminated Soils. In: Hasegawa, H., Rahman, I., Rahman, M. (eds) Environmental Remediation Technologies for Metal-Contaminated Soils. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55759-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55759-3_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-55758-6
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-55759-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)