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Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement with Oxygen-15 Water Positron Emission Tomography

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PET and SPECT of Neurobiological Systems

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Abstract

The human brain receives approximately 15 % of the cardiac output and therefore is the most demanding organ in respect to blood flow supply. This fact emphasizes the importance of perfusion as a key factor in a variety of cerebrovascular and other diseases including stroke, migraine, and brain tumors. Today, numerous imaging techniques are able to visualize brain perfusion, but only few of them provide quantitative information. In the field of modern in vivo imaging techniques, positron emission tomography (PET) is considered to be the gold standard to give reliable results about major aspects of cerebral physiology. [15O]H2O allows for quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement within a few minutes, and subsequent 15O imaging can provide precise information on oxygen metabolism like cerebral oxygen metabolism and oxygen extraction fraction. As a result, PET has become an extremely useful research tool for defining cerebral blood flow and physiology. However, complex methodological logistics and a limited availability of the imaging system hamper the widespread use of CBF PET in clinical routine. The chapter aims at summarizing the radiosynthesis, data acquisition, and analysis, as well as major preclinical and clinical applications of [15O]H2O PET.

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Abbreviations

c a(t):

Arterial input function (arterial activity concentration over time)

CBF:

Cerebral blood flow

CBV:

Cerebral blood volume

CMRO2 :

Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen

CT:

Computed tomography

c v(t):

Activity concentration in venous blood over time

f a :

Arterial blood flow

GBq:

Gigabecquerel

GM:

Gray matter

IAP:

Iodoantipyrine

iNO:

Inhaled nitric oxide

k :

Washout-constant

kBq:

Kilobecquerel

MBq:

Megabecquerel

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NO:

Nitric oxide

OEF:

Oxygen extraction fraction

PET:

Positron emission tomography

rCBF:

Regional cerebral blood flow

ROI:

Region of interest

S/N:

Signal-to-noise

SPECT:

Single-photon emission computed tomography

TSE:

Turbo spin echo

V d :

Partition coefficient

V tissue :

Tissue volume

WM:

White matter

Xe:

Xenon

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the cyclotron, radiochemistry, and PET crews of the Department of Nuclear Medicine of the Leipzig University Hospital for their excellent support in acquiring the PET data. Further, we would like to thank the stroke sheep model group of the Leipzig Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology for providing the research animals, and to our collaborators at the Department of Neuroradiology of the Leipzig University Hospital for providing the sheep MRI data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 18, Leipzig, 04103, Germany

    Vilia Zeisig, Marianne Patt PhD, Georg Becker PhD, Osama Sabri MD, PhD & Henryk Barthel MD, PhD

  2. Department of Cell Therapy, Ischemia Research Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, Leipzig, 04103, Germany

    Johannes Boltze MD, PhD

  3. Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Johannes Boltze MD, PhD

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  1. Vilia Zeisig
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  2. Marianne Patt PhD
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  3. Georg Becker PhD
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  4. Johannes Boltze MD, PhD
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  6. Henryk Barthel MD, PhD
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Correspondence to Vilia Zeisig .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, Offenburg, Germany

    Andreas Otte

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Erik F.J. de Vries

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Aren van Waarde

  5. Molecular Neurobiology, Universtiy of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Paul G.M. Luiten

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Zeisig, V., Patt, M., Becker, G., Boltze, J., Sabri, O., Barthel, H. (2014). Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement with Oxygen-15 Water Positron Emission Tomography. In: Dierckx, R., Otte, A., de Vries, E., van Waarde, A., Luiten, P. (eds) PET and SPECT of Neurobiological Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-42014-6_4

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