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Phytoconstituents—Active and Inert Constituents, Metabolic Pathways, Chemistry and Application of Phytoconstituents, Primary Metabolic Products, and Bioactive Compounds of Primary Metabolic Origin

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Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and their Extracts: Volume 2

Part of the book series: Progress in Drug Research ((PDR,volume 74))

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Abstract

Phytoconstituents are non-nutrient active plant chemical compounds or bioactive compounds and are responsible for protecting the plant against infections, infestations, or predation by microbes, pests, pathogens, or predators. Some are responsible for color, aroma, and other organoleptic properties. Phytoconstituents are synthesized in plants through primary and secondary metabolic pathways and many of them may be grouped as active drug constituents and inert nondrug constituents. A wide range of active components has been discovered and they have been divided into 16 main or more groups and the most important of them are alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols and phenolic glycosides, coumarins and their glycosides, anthraquinones and their glycosides, flavones and flavonoid glycosides or heterosides, mucilage and gums, tannins, volatile oils, saponins, cardioactive glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, etc. Other relevant active constituents in plants, such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, carbohydrates and fibers, some sugars, organic acids, lipids, and antibiotics, are essential nutrients. In addition to other functions, secondary metabolites produced in plants are used for communication as signal compounds to attract different pollinating agents including insects (honey bees, bumble bees, moths), birds, lizards, bats, etc. Classification of phytochemicals may be made based on their elemental constituents such as C & H; C, H & O; C, H, O, N, S & P containing compounds, O/N containing heterocyclic compounds, and other miscellaneous compounds. Some of these may be grouped as primary and others as secondary metabolites. Primary metabolic products consisting of C & H; C, H & O; N, S & P elements include hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, organic acids, etc. Genetic effects and environmental factors exert both qualitative and quantitative alterations of the active constituents in medicinal plants.

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  1. Department of Botany, Chittagong University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

    A. N. M. Alamgir

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Alamgir, A.N.M. (2018). Phytoconstituents—Active and Inert Constituents, Metabolic Pathways, Chemistry and Application of Phytoconstituents, Primary Metabolic Products, and Bioactive Compounds of Primary Metabolic Origin. In: Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and their Extracts: Volume 2. Progress in Drug Research, vol 74. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92387-1_2

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